Merkel, whose conservatives were weakened after they won an election in September with a reduced number of seats, said she would inform the German president that she could not form a coalition, after the pro-business Free Democrats withdrew from negotiations.
The development thrust Germany, Europe's biggest economy, into a political crisis that raised worries among investors of a new election if Merkel cannot form a minority government.
The news revived "a key risk factor" for the continental currency, said Joe Manimbo, senior market analyst at Western Union Business Solutions in Washington.
"With the euro losing favor, given the messy can of worms that has been tipped over in Europe, that's helping the U.S. dollar weather its own political uncertainties," he said.
The dollar index <.DXY> rose to 94.104, its highest since Nov. 14.
The greenback also climbed against the Japanese yen
The Swiss franc
The euro
Bitcoin was trading at just above $8,100 after hitting a record high of $8,226 on the Luxembourg-based Bitstamp exchange on Sunday
Many analysts expect this to be a relatively calm week of trading, with U.S. markets closed for the Thanksgiving holiday on Thursday and with few major data releases.
Traders will await a speech by Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen late on Tuesday and the release on Wednesday of minutes from the Fed's November meeting for clues on the direction of U.S. monetary policy.
(Reporting by Dion Rabouin; Editing by Dan Grebler)
By Dion Rabouin