JOHANNESBURG, April 15 (Reuters) - Ghana failed to strike a deal with holders of its international bonds, the government said on Monday, a hurdle in its bid to emerge from default and a deep economic crisis.
Below is a condensed timeline of key events:
February 2022 - Credit ratings agency Moody's downgrades Ghana's credit rating from B3 to Caa1, saying the country had a "very high credit risk", after Fitch cut its Ghana credit rating to B- from B in January. March 2022 - Ghana's central bank hikes interest rates by a record 250 basis points to 17% in a bid to stem rocketing inflation and a weakening currency. April 2022 - The cocoa producer's parliament approves an "e-levy" tax on electronic payments. May 2022 - Ghana's then-finance minister Ken Ofori-Atta says it will manage its debt without International Monetary Fund (IMF) help. July 1, 2022 - Ghana's government changes its mind and asks the IMF for a loan, amid street protests against growing economic hardship. July 20, 2022 - Ghana's parliament approves a $750 million loan from the African Export Import Bank as it scrambles to avoid default. August 2022 - Ghana's central bank delivers another record interest rate hike, as inflation continues climbing. Dec. 5, 2022 - Ghana launches a domestic debt exchange in a bid to deal with spiralling debt payments. Dec. 12, 2022 - Ghana and the IMF reach a "staff-level agreement" on a $3 billion rescue package, with debt restructuring one of the conditions. Dec. 20, 2022 - Ghana says it will default on most external debt. Dec. 22, 2022 - Local pension funds are exempted from the domestic debt exchange after unions threaten a general strike. January 2023 - Ghana requests a debt restructuring under the G20's Common Framework process, set up in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to include China, India and other creditor countries not in the traditional Paris Club of wealthy lending nations. February 2023 - Ghana's finance ministry says the domestic debt exchange closed with about 85% of "eligible" bondholders on board, after five deadline extensions. The country's official bilateral creditors start talks to form a committee. March 2023 - Ghana's government and a group of holders of about $13 billion in international bonds start debt restructuring talks via their respective advisors. May 2023 - Ghana's official creditors form a committee co-chaired by China and France and commit to restructuring their loans to the country.
These "financing assurances" pave the way for the IMF board to approve the $3 billion rescue loan, five days later. June 2023 - Ghana sends a restructuring proposal to official creditors, as it aims to cut $10.5 billion in interest payments over the following three years. October 2023 - Ghana and the IMF reach a staff-level agreement on the first review of the $3 billion loan programme, with a second $600 million payout contingent on agreeing a debt rework plan with official creditors. The finance ministry proposes a 30-40% haircut to bondholders; bond prices sink in response. January 2024 - Ghana reaches a deal-in-principle on Jan. 12 to restructure $5.4 billion of debt to its official creditors, with the IMF subsequently approving the next loan payout a week later. The government tells overseas bondholders that it wants a simple debt restructuring, rather than using any "state-contingent debt instruments", which link payouts to variables such as economic growth or commodity prices. February 2024 - Ghana's president replaces Ken Ofori-Atta as finance minister with his deputy Mohammed Amin Adam, who pledges to keep the IMF programme on track. March 2024 - Ghana and the international bondholder group kick off formal, direct talks. (Reporting by Rachel Savage, Editing by Karin Strohecker and Alex Richardson)
