Melco Resorts & Entertainment : Explanatory Note Melco Resorts Finance Limited's Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 - Form 6-K

Explanatory Note

Melco Resorts Finance Limited's Annual Report

for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

This annual report provides Melco Resorts Finance Limited's ("Melco Resorts Finance") audited financial statements, on a consolidated basis, in respect of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, together with related information.

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Melco Resorts Finance Limited

TABLE OF CONTENTS

For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

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INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated:

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This annual report includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Certain monetary amounts, percentages, and other figures included in this report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Certain other amounts that appear in this annual report may not sum due to rounding. Figures shown as totals in certain tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures preceding them.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that relate to future events, including our future operating results and conditions, our prospects and our future financial performance and condition, all of which are largely based on our current expectations and projections. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Moreover, because we operate in a heavily regulated and evolving industry, may become highly leveraged and operate in Macau, new risk factors may emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of these factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and a number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. These factors include, but are not limited to, (i) pace of recovery from the impact of the global COVID-19 outbreak on our business, our industry and the global economy, (ii) risks associated with the interpretation of the amended Macau gaming law and their related laws and their implementation by the Macau government; (iii) changes in the gaming market and visitation in Macau, (iv) capital and credit market volatility, (v) local and global economic conditions, (vi) our anticipated growth strategies, (vii) gaming authority and other governmental approvals and regulations, and (viii) our future business development, results of operations and financial condition. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as "may", "will", "expect", "anticipate", "target", "aim", "estimate", "intend", "plan", "believe", "potential", "continue", "is/are likely to" or other similar expressions.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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GLOSSARY

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EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

The majority of our current revenues are denominated in H.K. dollars, while our current expenses are denominated predominantly in Patacas and H.K. dollars and in connection with a portion of our indebtedness and certain expenses, in U.S. dollars. The non-financial pages of this annual report include all translations from H.K. dollars to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to H.K. dollars at a rate of HK$7.811768 to US$1.00, unless otherwise noted.

The H.K. dollar is freely convertible into other currencies (including the U.S. dollar). Since October 17, 1983, the H.K. dollar has been officially linked to the U.S. dollar at the rate of HK$7.80 to US$1.00. The market exchange rate has not deviated materially from the level of HK$7.80 to US$1.00 since the peg was first established. However, in May 2005, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority broadened the trading band from the original rate of HK$7.80 per U.S. dollar to a rate range of HK$7.75 to HK$7.85 per U.S. dollar. The Hong Kong government has stated its intention to maintain the link at that rate range and, acting through the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, has a number of means by which it may act to maintain exchange rate stability. However, no assurance can be given that the Hong Kong government will maintain the link at HK$7.75 to HK$7.85 per U.S. dollar or at all.

The Pataca is pegged to the H.K. dollar at a rate of HK$1.00 = MOP1.03. All translations from Patacas to U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at the exchange rate of MOP8.046088 = US$1.00.

In this annual report, U.S. dollar equivalents of H.K. dollar amounts of indebtedness are based on the prevailing exchange rate on the relevant transaction date, except for the indebtedness balance translations as of the balance sheet date, which are based on the prevailing exchange rate on the applicable balance sheet date.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following selected historical consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the selected historical consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. You should read this section in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and those consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that you may expect for any future period.

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The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years indicated:

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in connection with "Selected Consolidated Financial Information" and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" are forward-looking statements. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" regarding these statements.

Overview

We are a developer, owner and operator of integrated resort facilities. Our subsidiary Melco Resorts Macau is one of six companies licensed, through concessions, to operate casinos in Macau.

We currently have two major casino-based operations in Macau, namely, City of Dreams and Altira Macau, and non-casino based operations in Macau at our Mocha Clubs. In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. We operate the Studio City Casino pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. We also provide non-gaming services to Studio City pursuant to the Master Services Agreements.

Our current and future operations are designed to cater to a broad spectrum of gaming patrons, from high-stakes rolling chip gaming patrons to gaming patrons seeking a broader entertainment experience. We currently own and operate three Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star hotels in Macau - Altira Macau, Morpheus and Nüwa - and have received 11 Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star and one Forbes Travel Guide Four-Star recognitions across our properties in 2024. We seek to attract patrons throughout Asia and, in particular, from Greater China.

Our current operating facilities are focused on the Macau gaming market. The COVID-19 outbreak and the related policies implemented globally, especially the travel or visa restrictions imposed by the PRC, resulted in a significant decline in inbound tourism, among other things, leading to an 85.6% decrease in gross gaming revenue in 2022 compared to 2019, according to the DICJ. Our operations in 2023 benefited from the relaxation of travel restrictions and quarantine requirements. While travel restrictions globally have eased and travel restrictions between Macau and the PRC have been significantly relaxed in 2023, contributing to an increase in visitor arrivals to Macau and gross gaming revenues in Macau, we believe that disruptions resulting from COVID-19 are ongoing. According to the DSEC, visitor arrivals to Macau increased by 395% on a year-over-year basis in 2023 as compared to 2022 while, according to the DICJ, gross gaming revenues in Macau rose by 334% on a year-over-year basis in 2023. However, visitor arrivals in 2023 were still 28% lower than in 2019, and gross gaming revenues in 2023 were still 37% lower than in 2019. According to the DICJ, gross gaming revenues in Macau in the first quarter of 2024 rose by 65.5% as compared to that in the first quarter of 2023 but were still 24.7% lower than in the first quarter of 2019.

While quarantine-free travel within Greater China has resumed and pandemic measures have been lifted, negative impacts on the PRC economy and nearby Asian regions are still being experienced. The pace of our business recovery from COVID-19 is highly uncertain and will depend on the impact of potentially higher unemployment rates, declines in income levels and loss of personal wealth resulting from COVID-19 outbreaks and there is no guarantee that travel and consumer sentiment will rebound quickly or at all.

The COVID-19 outbreak also caused severe disruptions to the businesses of our tenants and other business partners, which may increase the risk of them defaulting on their contractual obligations with us, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including causing increases in our bad debts.

Given the uncertainty around the pace of recovery from COVID-19 and the extent of any future COVID-19 outbreaks and government responses to any such outbreaks, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact to our future results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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City of Dreams

City of Dreams had an average of approximately 430 gaming tables and approximately 628 gaming machines in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 447 gaming tables and approximately 677 gaming machines in 2022. Morpheus offers approximately 783 rooms, suites and villas. Nüwa, which was under renovation since early 2020 and re-opened at the end of March 2021 offers approximately 286 guest rooms. The Grand Hyatt Macau hotel, comprising two towers within City of Dreams, offers approximately 763 guest rooms and the upgrade of MICE space and refresh of guest rooms at the Grand Hyatt Macau hotel are in progress. The Countdown is expected to undergo renovations as part of its rebranding. In addition, City of Dreams includes approximately 41 restaurants and bars, approximately 162 retail outlets, a wet stage performance theater, recreation and leisure facilities, including health and fitness clubs, swimming pools, spas and salons and banquet and meeting facilities. The Para nightclub offers approximately 2,232 square meters (equivalent to approximately 24,025 square feet) of live entertainment space. The wet stage performance theater with approximately 2,000 seats features The House of Dancing Water, which has been temporarily closed since June 2020, is expected to re-open in late 2024. City of Dreams targets premium market and rolling chip patrons from regional markets across Asia.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total operating revenues generated from City of Dreams amounted to US$2.06 billion and US$631.0 million, representing 64.7% and 64.9% of our total operating revenues, respectively.

Altira Macau

Altira Macau had an average of approximately 44 gaming tables and 141 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 93 gaming tables and 146 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2022. In addition, Altira Macau had approximately 216 hotel rooms as of December 31, 2023 and features several fine dining and casual restaurants and recreation and leisure facilities. Starting in the third quarter of 2021, Altira Macau was strategically repositioned to cater to the premium mass and mass segments and shut down VIP rolling chip operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total operating revenues generated from Altira Macau amounted to US$114.0 million and US$32.8 million, representing 3.6% and 3.4% of our total operating revenues, respectively.

Mocha and Other

Effective from June 27, 2022, the Grand Dragon Casino, a casino on Taipa Island, Macau, which focuses on mass market table games and which was previously reported under the Corporate and Other segment, has been included in the Mocha and Other segment as a result of the change of terms of the right-to-use agreement for the Grand Dragon Casino.

Mocha Clubs had an average of approximately 874 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 141 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 935 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 146 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2022. Mocha Clubs focus primarily on general mass market patrons, including day-trip customers, outside the conventional casino setting. Grand Dragon Casino had an average of approximately 17 gaming tables in 2023.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total operating revenues generated from Mocha and Other amounted to US$119.0 million and US$76.4 million, representing 3.7% and 7.9% of our total operating revenues, respectively.

Summary of Financial Results

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total operating revenues were US$3.19 billion, an increase of 228.4% from US$0.97 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was US$354.2 million, a decrease of 51.7% from a net loss of US$733.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to improved performance in all gaming segments and non-gaming operations at City of Dreams and Altira Macau as a result of the earlier than expected relaxation of COVID-19 related restrictions in Macau in January 2023, and no remaining amortization of gaming subconcession, partially offset by higher interest expense, and the amortization expenses on intangible assets arising from the Macau gaming concession as well as asset impairments of US$207.6 million in Altira Macau under property charges and other in 2023. Net income/loss from Studio City Casino gaming operations are reimbursed to/from Studio City Entertainment pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. Such reimbursement is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. The revenues and costs from the provision of management services to affiliated companies are reflected in entertainment, retail and other revenues and operating expenses, respectively, in the consolidated statement of operations.

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The following summarizes the results of our operations for the years indicated:

Factors Affecting Our Current and Future Results

Our results of operations are and will be affected most significantly by:

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Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

We use the following KPIs to evaluate our casino operations, including table games and gaming machines:

In the rolling chip market segment, customers purchase identifiable chips known as non-negotiable chips, or rolling chips, from the casino cage, and there is no deposit into a gaming table's drop box for rolling chips purchased from the cage. Rolling chip volume and mass market table games drop are not equivalent. Rolling chip volume is a measure of amounts wagered and lost. Mass market table games drop measures buy in. Rolling chip volume is generally substantially higher than mass market table games drop. As these volumes are the denominator used in calculating win rate or hold percentage, with the same use of gaming win as the numerator, the win rate is generally lower in the rolling chip market segment than the hold percentage in the mass market table games segment.

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Our combined expected rolling chip win rate across our properties is in the range of 2.85% to 3.15%.

We use the following KPIs to evaluate our hotel operations:

Complimentary rooms are included in the calculation of the above room-related KPIs. The average daily rate of complimentary rooms is typically lower than the average daily rate for cash rooms. The occupancy rate and REVPAR would be lower if complimentary rooms were excluded from the calculation. As not all available rooms are occupied, average daily room rates are normally higher than revenue per available room.

Tables games and gaming machines that were not in operation due to government mandated closures or social distancing measures in relation to COVID-19 outbreaks have been excluded. Room statistics also exclude rooms that were temporarily closed or provided to the staff members due to COVID-19 outbreaks.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management's discussion and analysis of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources are based on our consolidated financial statements. Our consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Certain of our accounting policies require that management applies significant judgment in defining the appropriate assumptions integral to financial estimates. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates those estimates and judgments which are made based on information obtained from our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, industry trends and outside sources that are currently available to us, and on various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances. However, by their nature, judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty, and therefore actual results could differ from our estimates. We believe that the critical accounting policies discussed below affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Property and Equipment and Other Long-Lived Assets

During the construction and development stage of our integrated resort facilities, direct and incremental costs related to the design and construction, including costs under construction contracts, duties and tariffs, equipment installations, shipping costs, payroll and payroll benefit related costs, applicable portions of interest, including amortization of deferred financing costs, are capitalized in property and equipment. The capitalization of such costs begins when the construction and development of a project starts and ceases once the construction is substantially completed or development activity is substantially suspended. Pre-opening costs, consisting of marketing and other expenses related to our new or start-up operations are expensed as incurred.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to capitalized construction costs and other property and equipment is recognized from the time each asset is placed in service. This may occur at different stages as integrated resort facilities are completed and opened.

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Property and equipment and other long-lived assets with a finite useful life are depreciated and amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset's estimated useful life. The estimated useful lives are based on factors including the nature of the assets, its relationship to other assets, our operating plans and anticipated use and other economic and legal factors that impose limits. The remaining estimated useful lives of the property and equipment are periodically reviewed. Refer to note 2(i) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further details of estimated useful lives of the property and equipment.

Our land use rights in Macau under the land concession contracts for Altira Macau and City of Dreams are being amortized over the estimated term of the land use rights on a straight-line basis. The estimated term of the land use rights under the applicable land concession contracts are based on factors including the business and operating environment of the gaming industry in Macau, laws and regulations in Macau, and our development plans. The estimated term of the land use rights are periodically reviewed. Refer to note 2(m) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further details of estimated term of the land use rights.

Costs of repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. The cost and accumulated depreciation of property and equipment retired or otherwise disposed of are eliminated from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in operating income or loss.

Costs incurred to develop software for internal use are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life. The capitalization of such costs begins during the application development stage of the software project and ceases once the software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Costs of specified upgrades and enhancements to the internal-use software are capitalized, while costs associated with preliminary project stage activities, training, maintenance and all other post-implementation stage activities are expensed as incurred. The remaining estimated useful lives of the internal-use software are periodically reviewed. Refer to note 2(j) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further details of estimated useful lives of the internal use software.

Our total capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were US$46.7 million and US$31.0 million were attributable to our development and construction projects, with the remainder primarily related to the enhancements to our integrated resort offerings of our properties. Refer to note 22 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further details of these capital expenditures.

We also evaluate our property and equipment and other long-lived assets with finite lives to be held and used for impairment whenever indicators of impairment exist. If an indicator of impairment exists, we then compare the estimated future cash flows of the asset, on an undiscounted basis, to the carrying value of the asset. Estimating future cash flows of the assets involves significant assumptions, including future revenue growth rates, future market conditions and gross margin. The undiscounted cash flows of such assets are measured by first grouping our long-lived assets into asset groups and, secondly, estimating the undiscounted future cash flows that are directly associated with and expected to arise from the use of and eventual disposition of such asset group. We define an asset group as the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and estimate the undiscounted cash flows over the remaining useful life of the primary asset within the asset group. If the undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value, no impairment is indicated. If the undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded based on the fair value of the asset group, typically measured using a discounted cash flow model involving significant assumptions, such as discount rates. If an asset is still under development, future cash flows include remaining construction costs. All recognized impairment losses are recorded as operating expenses.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, with the market value of Altira Macau significantly decreased as a result of a change in its forecasted performance given the latest market conditions and lingering disruptions to the business caused by COVID-19 and our earlier cessation of arrangements with gaming promoters in Macau, an impairment of long-lived assets in relation to Altira Macau of US$207.6 million was recognized. Such amount included the impairment of Altira Macau's property and equipment of US$110.0 million, and the full impairment of the finite-lived intangible assets, land use rights and operating lease right-of-use assets for Altira Macau of US$30.4 million, US$65.2 million and US$2.0 million, respectively.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, an impairment of long-lived assets of US$3.6 million represents the impairment of property and equipment which related to a significant decrease in the market value of an aircraft.

Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets

We review the carrying value of goodwill and purchased intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, for impairment at least on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill and purchased intangible assets with indefinite useful lives as at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were associated with Mocha Clubs, a reporting unit, which arose from the acquisition of Mocha Slot Group Limited and its subsidiaries by our Company in 2006.

When performing the impairment analysis for goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives, we may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If the qualitative factors indicate that the carrying amount of the reporting unit is more likely than not to exceed the fair value then a quantitative impairment test is performed.

To perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill, we perform an assessment that consists of a comparison of the carrying value of a reporting unit with its fair value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

We determine the fair value of our reporting unit using income valuation approaches through the application of discounted cash flow method. The projections for future cash flows utilized in the discounted cash flow method are derived from historical experience and assumptions regarding future growth and profitability of the reporting unit, These projections are consistent with our budget and strategic plan. Cash flows for the five years subsequent to the date of the quantitative goodwill impairment test were utilized in the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit. Beyond five years, a terminal value was determined using a perpetuity growth rate. For the goodwill impairment test of Mocha Clubs, the rates used to discount the cash flow are 11.7% and 12.6% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively and sensitivity analysis was performed by either reducing the operating cash flows by 5% or increasing the discount rate by one percentage point, which would not have resulted in its carrying value exceeding its fair value.

To perform a quantitative impairment test of the trademarks of Mocha Clubs, we perform an assessment that consists of a comparison of their carrying values with their fair values using the relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, we estimate the fair values of the trademarks, mainly based on the incremental after-tax cash flow representing the royalties that we are relieved from paying given we are the owner of the trademarks. These valuation techniques are based on a number of estimates and assumptions, including the projected future revenues of the trademarks, calculated using an appropriate royalty rate, discount rate and long-term growth rates.

As a result of these assessments, no impairment losses on goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As discussed above, determining the fair value of goodwill and trademarks is judgmental in nature and requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Future changes to our estimates and assumptions based upon changes in operating results, macro-economic factors or management's intentions may result in future changes to the fair value of the goodwill and trademarks of the Group.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues from contracts with customers consist of casino wagers, sales of rooms, food and beverage, entertainment, retail and other goods and services.

Gross casino revenues are measured by the aggregate net difference between gaming wins and losses. We account for its casino wagering transactions on a portfolio basis versus an individual basis as all wagers have similar characteristics. Commissions rebated to customers and gaming promoters, cash discounts and other cash incentives earned by customers are recorded as reductions of casino revenues. In addition to the wagers, casino transactions typically include performance obligations related to complimentary goods or services provided to incentivize future gaming or in exchange for incentives or points earned under our non-discretionary incentive programs (including loyalty programs).

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For casino transactions that include complimentary goods or services provided by us to incentivize future gaming, we allocate the standalone selling price of each good or service to the appropriate revenue type based on the good or service provided. Complimentary goods or services that are provided under our control and discretion and supplied by third parties are recorded as operating expenses.

We operate different non-discretionary incentives programs in certain of our properties which include our loyalty programs to encourage repeat business mainly from loyal slot machine customers and table games patrons. Customers earn points primarily based on gaming activity and such points can be redeemed for free play and other free goods and services. For casino transactions that include points earned under our loyalty programs, we defer a portion of the revenue by recording the estimated standalone selling prices of the earned points that are expected to be redeemed as a liability. Upon redemption of the points for our self-owned goods or services, the standalone selling price of each good or service is allocated to the appropriate revenue type based on the good or service provided. Upon the redemption of the points with third parties, the redemption amount is deducted from the liability and paid directly to the third party.

After allocating amounts to the complimentary goods or services provided and to the points earned under our loyalty programs, the residual amount is recorded as casino revenue when the wagers are settled.

We follow the accounting standards for reporting revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent, when accounting for the operations of Studio City Casino and one of its externally managed hotels and concluded that it is the controlling entity and is the principal to these arrangements.

For the operation of Studio City Casino, on June 23, 2022, Melco Resorts Macau and Studio City Entertainment, amended the Studio City Casino Agreement, under which Melco Resorts Macau operates Studio City Casino since Studio City Entertainment does not hold a gaming concession in Macau. Pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement, Melco Resorts Macau deducts gaming taxes and the costs incurred in connection with the operations of Studio City Casino from Studio City Casino's gross gaming revenues, and recognizes the residual amount as an expense captioned as payments (funds received) under Studio City Casino Agreement with an affiliated company. Given Melco Resorts Macau has full responsibility for the operations of Studio City Casino in accordance with the Concession or its previous gaming subconcession, it is the principal and casino revenue is, therefore, recognized on a gross basis.

For the operation of the externally managed hotel, as we are the owner of the hotel property, the hotel manager operates the hotel under a management agreement providing management services to us, and we receive all rewards and take substantial risks associated with the hotel business. We are the principal and the transactions are, therefore, recognized on a gross basis.

The transaction prices for rooms, food and beverage, entertainment, retail and other goods and services are the net amounts collected from the customers for such goods and services that are recorded as revenues when the goods are provided, services are performed or events are held. Service taxes and other applicable taxes collected by us are excluded from revenues. Advance deposits on rooms and advance ticket sales are recorded as customer deposits until services are provided to the customers. Revenues from contracts with multiple goods or services provided by us are allocated to each good or service based on its relative standalone selling price.

Minimum operating and right to use fees representing lease revenues, adjusted for contractual base fees and operating fees escalations, are included in other revenues and are recognized over the terms of the related agreements on a straight-line basis.

Accounts Receivable and Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject our Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of casino accounts receivable. We issue credit in the form of markers to approved casino customers following investigations of creditworthiness. Credit is/can be also given to gaming promoters. These receivables can be offset against commissions payable and any other value items held by us to the respective customers and gaming promoters for which we intend to set off when required.

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As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, a substantial portion of our markers were due from customers and gaming promoters residing in foreign countries. Business and economic conditions, the legal enforceability of gaming debts, foreign currency control measures or other significant events in foreign countries could affect the collectability of receivables from customers and gaming promoters residing in these countries.

Accounts receivable, including casino, hotel, and other receivables, are typically non-interest bearing and are recorded at amortized cost. Accounts are written off when management deems it is probable the receivables are uncollectible. Recoveries of accounts previously written off are recorded when received. An estimated allowance for credit losses is maintained to reduce our receivables to their carrying amounts, which reflects the net amount the Company expects to collect. The allowance is estimated based on our specific reviews of the age of the balances owed, the customers' financial condition, management's experience with the collection trends of the customers, current business and economic conditions, and management's expectations of future business and economic conditions.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's allowances for casino credit losses were 63.9% and 84.0% of gross casino accounts receivable, respectively. At December 31, 2023, a 100 basis-point change in the estimated allowance for credit losses as a percentage of casino receivables would change the allowance for credit losses by US$2.3 million.

Income Tax

Deferred income taxes are recognized for all significant temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded valuation allowances of US$127.3 million and US$120.3 million, respectively, as management believes it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, and the duration of statutory carryforward periods. To the extent that the financial results of our operations improve and it becomes more likely than not that the deferred tax assets are realizable, the valuation allowances will be reduced.

Other Accounting Policies and Estimates

In addition to the critical accounting estimates described above, there are other accounting policies and estimates within the consolidated financial statements. Management believes the current assumptions and other considerations used to estimate amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements are appropriate. However, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and other considerations used in estimating amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements, the resulting changes could have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial statements. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for further information on significant accounting policies.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

Our total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were US$3.19 billion, an increase of US$2.22 billion, or 228.4%, from US$0.97 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in total operating revenues was primarily attributable to improved performance in all gaming segments and non-gaming operations at City of Dreams and Altira Macau, as well as increased casino revenues generated from the operations of Studio City Casino by our subsidiary, Melco Resorts Macau, the gaming concessionaire. Such increase mainly resulted from the earlier than expected relaxation of COVID-19 related restrictions in Macau in January 2023. Net income/loss from Studio City Casino gaming operations are reimbursed to/from Studio City Entertainment pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. Such reimbursement is included in general and administrative expenses.

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Our total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of US$2.71 billion of casino revenues, representing 85.1% of our total operating revenues, and US$476.8 million of non-casino revenues. Our total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of US$0.71 billion of casino revenues, representing 73.2% of our total operating revenues, and US$260.8 million of non-casino revenues.

Casino. Casino revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were US$2.71 billion, representing a US$2.00 billion, or 281.8%, increase from casino revenues of US$0.71 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher revenues in all gaming segments at City of Dreams and Altira Macau, as well as increased casino revenues generated from the operations of Studio City Casino by our subsidiary, Melco Resorts Macau, the gaming concessionaire. Pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement, net income/loss arisen from operating the Studio City Casino is reimbursed to/from Studio City Entertainment. Such reimbursement is included in general and administrative expenses.

Altira Macau. In the mass market table games segment, drop was US$488.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of 293.6% from US$124.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The mass market table games hold percentage was 22.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023, increasing from 19.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Average net win per gaming machine per day was US$224 for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of US$108, or 92.6%, from US$116 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

City of Dreams. City of Dreams' rolling chip volume for the year ended December 31, 2023 of US$19.42 billion represented an increase of US$15.04 billion, or 343.5%, from US$4.38 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The rolling chip win rate was 2.61% for the year ended December 31, 2023, which decreased from 3.85% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our expected range was 2.85% to 3.15%. In the mass market table games segment, drop was US$5.02 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, which represented an increase of US$3.83 billion, or 322.6%, from US$1.19 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The mass market table games hold percentage was 30.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, increasing from 30.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Average net win per gaming machine per day was US$464 for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of US$324, or 232.1%, from US$140 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Mocha and Other. Effective from June 27, 2022, the Grand Dragon Casino, a casino on Taipa Island, Macau, which focuses on mass market table games and was previously reported under the Corporate and Other segment, has been included in the Mocha and Other segment as a result of the change of terms of the right-to-use agreement for the Grand Dragon Casino. In the mass market table games segment, drop was US$176.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase from US$39.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The mass market table games hold percentage was 17.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreasing from 20.1% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Average net win per gaming machine per day for the year ended December 31, 2023 was US$291, an increase of US$82, or 38.9%, from US$209 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Rooms. Room revenues (including complimentary rooms) were US$155.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of US$112.6 million, or 262.9%, from room revenues (including complimentary rooms) of US$42.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased occupancy as a result of a year-over-year increase in inbound tourism to Macau. City of Dreams' average daily rate, occupancy rate and REVPAR were US$201, 86% and US$173, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to US$205, 27% and US$56, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Altira Macau's average daily rate, occupancy rate and REVPAR were US$136, 87% and US$118, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to US$97, 42% and US$41, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Food and beverage. Food and beverage revenues (including complimentary food and beverage) were US$87.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of US$56.1 million, or 178.4%, from food and beverage revenues (including complimentary food and beverage) of US$31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the increase in business activities as a result of a year-over-year increase in inbound tourism to Macau.

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Entertainment, retail and other. Entertainment, retail and other revenues (including complimentary entertainment services) increased by US$47.3 million, or 25.3%, to US$233.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from US$186.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the increase in management fee income resulting from the increase in business activities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Operating costs and expenses

Total operating costs and expenses were US$3.22 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to US$1.43 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Casino. Casino expenses increased by US$1.21 billion, or 166.8%, to US$1.94 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 from US$0.73 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in gaming taxes at City of Dreams and Altira Macau resulting from increased gaming volumes and associated higher revenues, higher complimentaries to gaming customers, higher marketing and promotional expenses and higher payroll expenses at City of Dreams and Altira Macau, as well as an increase in casino expenses at Studio City Casino due to its improved performance, for which Melco Resorts Macau is reimbursed pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement.

Rooms. Room expenses, which represent the costs of operating the hotel facilities at Altira Macau and City of Dreams, were US$44.3 million and US$26.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to increased occupancy, which was in-line with higher room revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Food and beverage. Food and beverage expenses were US$76.4 million and US$43.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was in-line with higher food and beverage revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Entertainment, retail and other. Entertainment, retail and other expenses were US$16.5 million and US$12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to higher operating costs as a result of an increase in business activities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by US$350.8 million, or 123.4%, to US$635.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from US$284.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the reimbursement of net income from Studio City Casino to Studio City Entertainment pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement as a result of improved performance at Studio City Casino in the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the reimbursement from Studio City Entertainment due to softer performance at Studio City Casino in the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as trademark license fee expenses of US$78.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Pre-opening costs.Pre-opening costs were US$3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. These costs related primarily to personnel training, marketing, advertising and administrative costs in connection with new or start-up operations. Pre-opening costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were mainly for The House of Dancing Water, which is expected to re-open in late 2024. There were no pre-opening costs for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Amortization of gaming subconcession. The gaming subconcession was fully amortized in 2022. Amortization expense for our gaming subconcession, which was recognized on a straight-line basis, was US$32.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Amortization of land use rights. Amortization expenses for the land use rights continued to be recognized on a straight-line basis and were US$10.8 million for both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses slightly decreased by US$2.6 million, or 0.9%, to US$270.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from US$273.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The slight decrease was primarily due to lower depreciation expenses due to certain assets being fully depreciated, partially offset by amortization expense of US$24.0 million on the intangible asset arising from the Macau gaming concession.

Property charges and other. Property charges and other for the year ended December 31, 2023 were US$229.0 million, which primarily included asset impairments in Altira Macau, litigation claims related to junket player deposits and costs incurred as a result of departmental restructuring. In 2023, an impairment in long-lived assets of US$207.6 million was recognized to reflect the significant decrease in the market value of Altira Macau. The change in market value reflects a change in forecasted performance of Altira Macau given the latest market conditions and lingering disruptions to the business caused by COVID-19 and the earlier cessation of arrangements with gaming promoters in Macau. Property charges and other for the year ended December 31, 2022 were US$22.6 million, which primarily included the costs incurred as a result of departmental restructuring, litigation claims related to junket player deposits and asset impairments.

Non-operating expenses, net

Net non-operating expenses consist of interest income, interest expense, other financing costs, foreign exchange losses, net as well as other non-operating income, net.

Interest income was US$26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to US$6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to interest income on loans advanced to Melco in August 2022 and March 2023, respectively, as well as higher bank interest income.

Interest expense was US$345.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to US$273.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest expense of US$51.3 million on the 2020 Credit Facilities as a result of drawdowns in the second half of 2022, and interest expense of US$20.1 million on financial liability related to the Macau gaming concession.

Other financing costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to US$4.0 million, compared to US$6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in other financing costs was primarily due to the decrease in loan commitment fees as a result of the drawdowns from the 2020 Credit Facilities in the second half of 2022.

Income tax benefit (expense)

Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to US$1.4 million compared to income tax expense of US$1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The income tax benefit was primarily attributable to a deferred income tax benefit of US$5.6 million and an over provision of prior year's lump sum tax payable of US$1.3 million in lieu of Macau Complementary Tax otherwise due by Melco Resorts Macau's shareholders on dividends distributable to them by Melco Resorts Macau, partially offset by a lump sum tax payable of US$5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 for the current year's similar lump sum tax payable. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 0.39%, as compared to (0.17)% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such rates differ from the statutory Macau Complementary Tax rate of 12%, where the majority of the Company's operations are located, primarily due to the effects of expenses for which no income tax benefit is receivable, expired tax losses, changes in valuation allowances and different tax rate of subsidiaries operating in other jurisdiction for the relevant years together with the effect of profits generated by gaming operations being exempted from Macau Complementary Tax for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the effect of tax losses that cannot be carried forward for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our management currently does not expect to realize significant income tax benefits associated with net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets generated by our Macau operations. However, to the extent that the financial results of our Macau operations improve and it becomes more likely than not that the deferred tax assets are realizable, we will be able to reduce the valuation allowance related to the net operating losses and other deferred tax assets.

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Net loss

As a result of the foregoing, we had net loss of US$354.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net loss of US$733.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have relied and intend to rely on cash generated from our operations and our debt and equity financings to meet our funding requirements and repay our indebtedness, as the case may be.

As of December 31, 2023, we held cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (being cash collateral for concession-related guarantees issued to the Macau government and security under credit facilities) of US$645.6 million and US$124.6 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, HK$6.63 billion (equivalent to US$848.5 million) of the revolving credit facility under the 2020 Credit Facilities and HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million) of the revolving credit facility under the 2015 Credit Facilities were available for future drawdown, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions precedent.

On March 28, 2024, HK$1.17 billion (equivalent to US$149.5 million) of the loan principal outstanding under the 2020 Credit Facilities was repaid, together with accrued interest, increasing the availability under the 2020 Credit Facilities to HK$7.80 billion (equivalent to US$996.7 million).

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years indicated:

Operating Activities

Operating cash flows are generally affected by changes in operating income and accounts receivable related to VIP table games play and hotel operations conducted on a cash and credit basis and the remainder of the business including mass market table games play, gaming machine play, food and beverage, and entertainment are conducted primarily on a cash basis.

Net cash provided by operating activities was US$332.l million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used in operating activities of US$597.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily due to better performance of operations as described in the foregoing section and decreased working capital for operations.

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Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was US$75.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used in investing activities of US$566.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily due to the net repayments of loans or advances by an affiliated company to us during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to extensions of such loans or advances by us during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly included repayments of loans or advances by an affiliated company to us of US$270.5 million, partially offset by extensions of loans or advances by us to an affiliated company of US$158.0 million and payments for acquisition of property and equipment of US$32.6 million and payments for acquisition of intangible assets of US$4.3 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 mainly included funds to an affiliated company of US$521.9 million and payments for acquisition of property and equipment of US$36.2 million.

Our total payments for acquisition of property and equipment were US$32.6 million and US$36.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such capital expenditures were mainly associated with our development projects, as well as enhancement to our integrated resort offerings.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities amounted to US$857.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily represented the repayments of the outstanding revolving credit facility under the 2020 Credit Facilities of US$2.10 billion, partially offset by the proceeds from the drawdown of the revolving credit facility under the 2020 Credit Facilities of US$1.25 billion.

Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to US$1.50 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, which primarily represented the proceeds from the drawdown of the revolving credit facility under the 2020 Credit Facilities of US$1.50 billion.

Indebtedness

The following table presents a summary of our gross indebtedness as of December 31, 2023:

Major changes in our indebtedness during the year ended and subsequent to December 31, 2023 are summarized below.

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During the year ended December 31, 2023, MCO Nominee One repaid US$820.0 million and HK$206.0 million (equivalent to US$29.6 million) in aggregate on a net basis along with accrued interest under the 2020 Credit Facilities.

On June 29, 2023, certain provisions of the 2020 Credit Facilities were amended and restated such that borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facilities denominated in U.S. dollars should bear interest at the Term SOFR plus an applicable credit adjustment spread ranging from 0.06% to 0.20% per annum and a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00% per annum as adjusted in accordance with the leverage ratio in respect of MCO Nominee One and certain of its specified subsidiaries. The amendment became effective on June 29, 2023 (the "Effective Date"). Prior to the Effective Date of the 2023 Amendment and Restatement, borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facilities denominated in U.S. dollars bore interest at the LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00% per annum as adjusted in accordance with the leverage ratio in respect of MCO Nominee One and certain of its specified subsidiaries.

On March 28, 2024, MCO Nominee One repaid HK$1.17 billion (equivalent to US$149.5 million) along with the accrued interest under the 2020 Credit Facilities.

On April 8, 2024, the maturity date of the 2020 Credit Facilities was extended by two years to April 29, 2027.

For further details of the above indebtedness, see note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, which includes information regarding the type of debt facilities used, the extent to which borrowings are at fixed rates and still available to us, the maturity profile of such debt facilities, the currency and interest rate structure, the charge on our assets and the nature and extent of any restrictions on our ability, and the ability of our subsidiaries, to transfer funds as cash dividends, loans or advances. See "-Long-term Indebtedness and Contractual Obligations" for details of the maturity profile of debt and "-Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" for further understanding of our hedging of interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk exposure.

Other Financing and Liquidity Matters

We may obtain financing in the form of, among other things, equity or debt, including additional bank loans or high yield, mezzanine or other debt, or rely on our operating cash flow to fund the maintenance and development of our projects. We are a growing company with significant financial needs. We expect to have significant capital expenditures in the future as we continue to enhance and develop our properties which includes, for example, our efforts to redevelop and rebrand The Countdown at City of Dreams in Cotai, Macau and upgrade and refresh the Grand Hyatt's MICE space and guest rooms.

We have relied and intend in the future to rely on our operating cash flow, existing cash balances and different forms of equity or debt financing to meet our funding needs and repay our indebtedness, as the case may be.

The timing of any future debt and equity financing activities will be dependent on our funding needs, our maintenance, development and construction schedules, the availability of funds on terms acceptable to us, and prevailing market conditions. We may carry out activities from time to time to strengthen our financial position and ability to better fund our business operations and expansion plans. Such activities may include refinancing, purchasing or otherwise retiring existing debt, monetizing assets, sale-and-leaseback transactions or other similar activities. Any such activities will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors and the amounts involved may be material.

Our material cash requirements arise from the development and continuous enhancement and maintenance of our properties and the payment of interest expenses and repayment of principal relating to our indebtedness.

Any other future developments may be subject to further financing and a number of other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

As of December 31, 2023, we had capital commitments mainly for the acquisition of property and equipment for City of Dreams totaling US$24.8 million. In addition, we have contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business. For further details for our commitments and contingencies, see note 20 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

We are committed to prudent balance sheet management. We believe that continued EBITDA growth can lead to a healthy recovery of free cash flow and a natural deleveraging of our business. As we have completed the construction of our major development projects, we intend to focus our capital expenditure on the maintenance and enhancement of our existing properties and do not expect a material increase in capital expenditure in the near term.

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Long-term Indebtedness and Contractual Obligations

Our total long-term indebtedness and other contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 are summarized below.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Except as disclosed in note 11 and note 20(b) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, as of December 31, 2023, we have not entered into any material financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder's equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Distribution of Profits

Subsidiaries of Melco Resorts Finance that are incorporated in Macau are required to set aside a minimum of 10% to 25% of the entity's profit after tax to the legal reserve until the balance of the legal reserve reaches a level equivalent to 25% to 50% of the entity's share capital in accordance with the provisions of the Macau Commercial Code. The legal reserve is not available for distribution to the shareholders of the subsidiaries. The appropriation of legal reserve is recorded in the subsidiaries' financial statements in the year in which it is approved by the shareholders of the relevant subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate balance of the legal reserves amounted to US$31.5 million.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the sole director of our company did not declare any dividend on ordinary shares.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk is associated with our indebtedness bearing interest based on floating rates. We attempt to manage interest rate risk by managing the mix of long-term fixed rate borrowings and variable rate borrowings and we may supplement by hedging activities in a manner we deem prudent. We cannot be sure that these risk management strategies have had the desired effect, and interest rate fluctuations could have a negative impact on our results of operations. As of December 31, 2023, we were subject to fluctuations in HIBOR as a result of our 2015 Credit Facilities and 2020 Credit Facilities.

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As of December 31, 2023, approximately 80% of our total gross indebtedness was based on fixed rates. Based on our December 31, 2023 indebtedness level, an assumed 100 basis point change in HIBOR would cause our annual interest cost to change by approximately US$10.5 million.

To the extent that we effect hedging in respect of our credit facilities, the counterparties to such hedging will also benefit from the security and guarantees we provide to the lenders under such credit facilities, which could increase our aggregate secured indebtedness. We do not intend to engage in transactions in derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes and we expect the provisions of our existing and any future credit facilities to restrict or prohibit the use of derivatives and financial instruments for purposes other than hedging.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our exposure to foreign exchange rate risk is associated with the currency of our operations and our indebtedness and as a result of the presentation of our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars. The majority of our revenues are denominated in H.K. dollars, given the H.K. dollar is the predominant currency used in Macau and is often used interchangeably with the Pataca in Macau, while our expenses are denominated predominantly in Patacas and H.K. dollars. In addition, a significant portion of our indebtedness, as a result of the 2025 Senior Notes, 2026 Senior Notes, 2027 Senior Notes, 2028 Senior Notes and 2029 Senior Notes and certain expenses, have been and are denominated in U.S. dollars, and the costs associated with servicing and repaying such debt will be denominated in U.S. dollars.

The value of the H.K. dollar and Pataca against the U.S. dollar may fluctuate and may be affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. While the H.K. dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar within a narrow range and the Pataca is in turn pegged to the H.K. dollar, and the exchange rates between these currencies has remained relatively stable over the past several years, we cannot assure you that the current peg or linkages between the U.S. dollar, H.K. dollar and Pataca will not be de-pegged,de-linked or otherwise modified and subjected to fluctuations. Any significant fluctuations in exchange rates between the H.K. dollar or Pataca to the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition.

We accept foreign currencies from our customers and as of December 31, 2023, in addition to H.K. dollars and Patacas, we also hold other foreign currencies. However, any foreign exchange risk exposure associated with those currencies is minimal.

We have not engaged in hedging transactions with respect to foreign exchange exposure of our revenues and expenses in our day-to-day operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. Instead, we maintain a certain amount of our operating funds in the same currencies in which we have obligations, thereby reducing our exposure to currency fluctuations. However, we occasionally enter into foreign exchange transactions as part of financing transactions and capital expenditure programs.

See note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further details related to our indebtedness as of December 31, 2023.

Major currencies in which our cash and bank balances (including restricted cash) are held as of December 31, 2023 were the U.S. dollar, the H.K. dollar and the Pataca. Based on the cash and bank balances as of December 31, 2023, an assumed 1% change in the exchange rates between currencies other than the U.S. dollar against the U.S. dollar would cause a maximum foreign transaction gain or loss of approximately US$7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Based on the balances of indebtedness denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2023, an assumed 1% change in the exchange rates between currencies other than the U.S. dollar against the U.S. dollar would cause a foreign transaction gain or loss of approximately US$10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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Recent Developments

We have seen positive developments in the overall market so far in 2024 with Macau gross gaming revenues increasing by approximately 6% from the fourth quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024. In particular, during the Chinese New Year holiday period, total visitors to Macau approached 2019 levels and the number of visitors from China exceeded 2019 levels. Our Parent's mass gross gaming revenues and Macau property EBITDA, based on the theoretical win rate, during the 2024 Chinese New Year holiday period were meaningfully higher than their 2019 levels, including a 22% increase in mass gross gaming revenues compared to 2019. Although volumes continued to grow quarter-to-quarter from the fourth quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024, we believe that our VIP gross gaming revenues were impacted by lower-than-expected hold in the first quarter of 2024.

With improving free cash flows, we are focused on debt repayment and continued deleveraging and continue to actively manage our debt maturity profile and liquidity availability. We repaid US$850 million of our credit facilities in 2023 and an additional US$149.5 million in the first quarter of 2024. This month, we extended the maturity date of the 2020 Credit Facilities maturity date from April 2025 to April 2027.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a developer, owner and operator of integrated resort facilities. Our subsidiary Melco Resorts Macau is one of six companies licensed, through concessions, to operate casinos in Macau.

We currently have two major casino-based operations in Macau, namely, City of Dreams and Altira Macau, and non-casino based operations in Macau at our Mocha Clubs. In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. We operate the Studio City Casino pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. We also provide non-gaming services to Studio City pursuant to the Master Services Agreements.

Our current and future operations are designed to cater to a broad spectrum of gaming patrons, from high-stakes rolling chip gaming patrons to gaming patrons seeking a broader entertainment experience. We currently own and operate three Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star hotels in Macau - Altira Macau, Morpheus and Nüwa - and have received 11 Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star and one Forbes Travel Guide Four-Star recognitions across our properties in 2024. We seek to attract patrons throughout Asia and, in particular, from Greater China.

We and/or our Parent have earned multiple international accolades recognizing our excellence in operations, corporate social responsibility and contributions towards sustainability. These awards include:

Our current operating facilities are focused on the Macau gaming market. The COVID-19 outbreak and the related policies implemented globally, especially the travel or visa restrictions imposed by the PRC, resulted in a significant decline in inbound tourism, among other things, leading to an 85.6% decrease in gross gaming revenue in 2022 compared to 2019, according to the DICJ. Our operations in 2023 benefited from the relaxation of travel restrictions and quarantine requirements. While travel restrictions globally have eased and travel restrictions between Macau and the PRC have been significantly relaxed in 2023, contributing to an increase in visitor arrivals to Macau and gross gaming revenues in Macau, we believe that disruptions resulting from COVID-19 are ongoing. According to the DSEC, visitor arrivals to Macau increased by 395% on a year-over-year basis in 2023 as compared to 2022 while, according to the DICJ, gross gaming revenues in Macau rose by 334% on a year-over-year basis in 2023. However, visitor arrivals in 2023 were still 28% lower than in 2019, and gross gaming revenues in 2023 were still 37% lower than in 2019. According to the DICJ, gross gaming revenues in Macau in the first quarter of 2024 rose by 65.5% as compared to that in the first quarter of 2023 but were still 24.7% lower than in the first quarter of 2019.

While quarantine-free travel within Greater China has resumed and pandemic measures have been lifted, negative impacts on the PRC economy and nearby Asian regions are still being experienced. The pace of our business recovery from COVID-19 is highly uncertain and will depend on the impact of potentially higher unemployment rates, declines in income levels and loss of personal wealth resulting from COVID-19 outbreaks and there is no guarantee that travel and consumer sentiment will rebound quickly or at all.

The COVID-19 outbreak also caused severe disruptions to the businesses of our tenants and other business partners, which may increase the risk of them defaulting on their contractual obligations with us, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including causing increases in our bad debts.

Given the uncertainty around the pace of recovery from COVID-19 and the extent of any future COVID-19 outbreaks and government responses to any such outbreaks, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact to our future results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We are strategically investing in our properties and human talent to drive continued growth. We are focused on enhancing our customer service and guest experience and are updating our retail and food and beverage offerings. We have also centralized our sales force and are in the process of implementing new technologies to enhance the quality of our customer data, which is expected to allow us to further improve on our promotions, offers and events to our customers. Together with a detailed review of gaming floor configurations, we target to increase table yield and productivity across our gaming floor. We have also recruited experienced gaming professionals in the areas of analytics and gaming operations, hospitality, food and beverage and retail to continue to drive these strategic initiatives.

Our Major Existing Operations

City of Dreams

City of Dreams is an integrated resort in Cotai, Macau, which opened in June 2009. City of Dreams is a premium-focused property, targeting high-end customers and rolling chip patrons from regional markets across Asia. City of Dreams had an average of approximately 430 gaming tables and approximately 628 gaming machines in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 447 gaming tables and approximately 677 gaming machines in 2022.

The resort brings together a collection of brands to create an experience that appeals to a broad spectrum of visitors from around Asia. Morpheus offers approximately 783 rooms, suites and villas. Nüwa, which was under renovation since early 2020 and re-opened at the end of March 2021 offers approximately 286 guest rooms. The Grand Hyatt Macau hotel, comprising two towers within City of Dreams, offers approximately 763 guest rooms and the upgrade of MICE space and refresh of guest rooms at the Grand Hyatt Macau hotel are in progress. The Countdown is expected to undergo renovations as part of its rebranding. In addition, City of Dreams includes approximately 41 restaurants and bars, approximately 162 retail outlets, a wet stage performance theater, recreation and leisure facilities, including health and fitness clubs, swimming pools, spas and salons and banquet and meeting facilities. The Para nightclub offers approximately 2,232 square meters (equivalent to approximately 24,025 square feet) of live entertainment space. SOHO, a lifestyle entertainment and dining precinct located on the second floor of City of Dreams, offers customers a wide selection of food and beverage and other non-gaming offerings. The wet stage performance theater with approximately 2,000 seats features The House of Dancing Water (temporarily closed since June 2020) is expected to re-open in late 2024.

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City of Dreams has garnered numerous awards in recognition of its high level of customer service and diverse range of entertainment experiences. Below are some of these accolades:

The Dancing Water Theater, a wet stage performance theater with approximately 2,000 seats, features the internationally acclaimed and award-winning water-based extravaganza, The House of Dancing Water. The House of Dancing Water is the live entertainment centerpiece of the overall leisure and entertainment offering at City of Dreams and highlights City of Dreams as an innovative entertainment-focused destination, strengthening the overall diversity of Macau as a multi-day stay market and one of Asia's premier leisure and entertainment destinations. The House of Dancing Water incorporates costumes, sets and audio-visual special effects and showcases an international cast of performance artists. The House of Dancing Water has been temporarily closed since June 2020 and is expected to re-open in late 2024.

Altira Macau

Since the third quarter of 2021, Altira Macau has strategically repositioned to cater to the premium mass and mass segments and has shut down VIP rolling chip operations. Prior to that, Altira Macau was designed to provide a casino and hotel experience that catered to Asian rolling chip customers. Altira Macau had an average of approximately 44 gaming tables and 141 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 93 gaming tables and 146 gaming machines operated under the brand Mocha at Altira Macau in 2022. Altira Macau has a multi-floor layout comprising various gaming areas. Our multi-floor layout allows us the flexibility to reconfigure Altira Macau's gaming areas to meet the changing demands of our patrons and target specific customer segments.

We consider Altira hotel, located within the 38-story Altira Macau, to be one of the leading hotels in Macau as evidenced by its long-standing Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star recognition. The top floor of the Altira hotel serves as the hotel lobby and reception area, providing guests with views of the surrounding area. The Altira hotel comprises approximately 216 guest rooms, including suites and villas, as of December 31, 2023. A number of restaurants and dining facilities are available at Altira Macau, including a leading Italian restaurant, Aurora, several Chinese and international restaurants and several bars. Altira hotel also offers several non-gaming amenities, including a spa, gymnasium, outdoor garden podium and sky terrace lounge.

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Altira Macau offers a luxurious hotel experience with its internationally acclaimed accommodation and guest services. Below are some of the awards Altira Macau has received:

With the changes in the VIP segment in Macau, we are reviewing Altira's position and strategy.

Mocha Clubs

Mocha Clubs operate gaming machines across six locations in Macau (excluding gaming machines at Altira Casino) and comprise the largest non-casino based operations of electronic gaming machines in Macau. Mocha Clubs had an average of approximately 874 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 141 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2023, compared to an average of approximately 935 gaming machines in operation (excluding approximately 146 gaming machines at Altira Macau) in 2022. According to the DICJ, there were a total of 12,000 slot machines in the Macau market as of December 31, 2023. Mocha Clubs focus on general mass market patrons, including day trip customers, outside the conventional casino setting. We operate Mocha Clubs at leased or sub-leased premises or under right-to-use agreements.

The Mocha Club gaming facilities offer both electronic gaming machines, including stand-alone machines, stand-alone progressive jackpot machines and linked progressive jackpot machines with a variety of games, and electronic table games which feature fully-automated multi-player machines with roulette, baccarat and sic-bo, a traditional Chinese dice game.

In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. We operate Grand Dragon Casino under a right-to-use agreement. Grand Dragon Casino had an average of approximately 17 gaming tables in 2023.

Studio City

We operate the Studio City Casino pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement. We also provide non-gaming services to Studio City pursuant to the Master Services Agreements. Studio City features a 5,000-seat live performance arena, MICE space, as well as an additional indoor/outdoor water park. It offers 4,000 square meters of indoor event space, approximately 38,500 square meters of complementary retail space and 1,820 square meters of ballroom space. A total of US$1.2 billion has been invested in the construction of Studio City Phase 2, which encompasses the Epic Tower, W Macau, and an indoor waterpark.

Our Development Projects

We continually seek new opportunities for additional gaming or related businesses in Macau. In defining and setting the timing, form and structure for any future development, we focus on evaluating alternative available financing, market conditions and market demand. In order to pursue these opportunities and such development, we have incurred and will continue to incur capital expenditures at our properties and for our projects.

Our Land and Premises

We operate our gaming business at the properties leased from the Macau government in accordance with the terms and conditions of our gaming concession, or, with respect to the Mocha Clubs and Grand Dragon Casino, in third party-owned properties. In addition, our existing operating properties and development projects in Macau are subject to the terms and conditions of land concession contracts.

City of Dreams

City of Dreams is located in Cotai, Macau, with a land area of 113,325 square meters (equivalent to approximately 1.2 million square feet). In August 2008, the Macau government granted the land on which City of Dreams is located to COD Resorts and Melco Resorts Macau for a period of 25 years, renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to applicable legislation in Macau. Total land premium required for the land is in the amount of approximately MOP1,286.6 million (equivalent to US$159.9 million), which was paid in full in January 2016. As of December 31, 2023, the total gross floor area at City of Dreams is 641,431.70 square meters (equivalent to approximately 6.9 million square feet), of which approximately 31,227.3 square meters, or 4.87%, comprises gaming and gaming support area and is owned by the Macau SAR. Effective January 1, 2023, the Macau government has transferred this area to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract for a fee of MOP750.00 (equivalent to US$93) per square meter for years 1 to 3 of the Concession Contract, subject to consumer price index increase in years 2 and 3 of the concession. The fee will increase to MOP2,500.00 (equivalent to US$311) per square meter for years 4 to 10 of the concession, subject to consumer price index increase in years 5 to 10 of the concession.

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Under the current terms of the land concession, the annual land use fees payable to the Macau government range from approximately MOP3.4 million (equivalent to US$0.4 million) during development up to approximately MOP9.9 million (equivalent to US$1.2 million) after completion of development. The land use fee amounts may be adjusted every five years as agreed between the Macau government and the land concessionaire using the applicable rates in effect at the time of the rent adjustment.

Certain gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the City of Dreams casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us and held for use at City of Dreams during the duration of the Concession Contract, including the main gaming equipment to support our table games and gaming machine operations, cage equipment, security and surveillance equipment, casino fittings and equipment. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the City of Dreams casino and equipment utilized in the hotels at City of Dreams.

Altira Macau

Altira Macau is located in Taipa, Macau with a land area of approximately 5,230 square meters (equivalent to approximately 56,295 square feet). In March 2006, the Macau government granted the land on which Altira is built to Altira Resorts for 25 years, renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to applicable legislation in Macau. The land grant was amended in December 2013. As of December 31, 2023, the total gross floor area of Altira Macau is approximately 104,583.39 square meters (equivalent to approximately 1.1 million square feet), of which approximately 17,128.8 square meters or 16.38% comprises the gaming and gaming support area and is owned by the Macau SAR. Effective from January 1, 2023, the Macau government has transferred this area to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract for the same fee set for the usage of the City of Dreams casino. Total land premium required is in the amount of MOP169.3 million (equivalent to US$21.0 million) which was paid in full in 2013. According to the current terms of the land concession, the annual land use fees payable to the Macau government are approximately MOP1.5 million (equivalent to US$190,000). This amount may be adjusted every five years as agreed between the Macau government and the land concessionaire using the applicable rates in effect at the time of the rent adjustment.

Certain gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by Altira Macau in the casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract and held for use at Altira Macau, including the main gaming equipment to support our table games and gaming machine operations, cage equipment, security and surveillance equipment and casino fittings and equipment. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment utilized by the Altira casino and equipment utilized at the Altira hotel.

Mocha Clubs

Mocha Clubs operate at premises with a total floor area of approximately 68,800 square feet at the following locations in Macau as of December 31, 2023:

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Premises are being operated under leases, subleases or right to use agreements that expire at various dates through December 2026, which are renewable upon reaching agreements with the owners.

The leasehold improvements to Mocha Club premises and the onsite equipment utilized at the Mocha Clubs are owned and held for use to support the gaming machine operations. In addition, the gaming machines at Altira are operated under the Mocha Club brand.

In addition to the Mocha Clubs, we also operate the Grand Dragon Casino, which focuses on mass market table games. Grand Dragon Casino premises, including the fit-out and gaming-related equipment, are located on the ground floor and level one within Grand Dragon Hotel in Macau and occupy a floor area of approximately 10,700 square feet as of December 31, 2023. We operate Grand Dragon Casino under a right-to-use agreement. The gaming equipment operated at the Grand Dragon Casino on or before December 31, 2022 is owned by the Macau SAR and has been transferred to us for usage in our operations during the duration of the Concession Contract. We own the remaining gaming and gaming support equipment at the Grand Dragon Casino.

Other Premises

Apart from the aforesaid property sites, we maintain various offices and storage locations in Macau. We lease all of our office and storage premises.

Advertising and Marketing

We seek to attract customers to our properties and to grow our customer base over time by undertaking several forms of advertising, sales and marketing activities and plans. We utilize local and regional media to publicize and promote our projects and operations. We have built public relations and marketing and branding teams that cultivate media relationships, promote our brands and explore media opportunities in various markets. We use a variety of media platforms that include social media, digital, print, television, online, outdoor, on collaterals and direct mail pieces. A resorts marketing team has been established that directly liaises with current and potential customers within target Asian and other countries in order to grow and retain high-end customers. We hold various promotions and special events, operate loyalty programs with our patrons and have developed a series of programs. We employ a tiered loyalty program at our properties to ensure that each customer segment is specifically recognized and incentivized. Dedicated customer hosting programs provide personalized service to our most valuable customers. In addition, we utilize sophisticated analytical programs and capabilities to track the behavior and spending patterns of our patrons. We believe these tools help deepen our understanding of our customers to optimize yields and make continued improvements to our properties. As our advertising and marketing activities occur in various jurisdictions, we aim to ensure we are in compliance with all applicable laws in relation to our advertising and marketing activities.

Customers

We seek to cater to a broad range of customers through our diverse gaming and non-gaming facilities and amenities across our operating properties.

Non-Gaming Patrons

City of Dreams offers visitors to Macau an array of multi-dimensional entertainment amenities, four hotels, as well as a selection of restaurants, bars and retail outlets. Since the third quarter of 2021, Altira Macau has strategically repositioned to cater to the premium mass and mass segments. Mocha Clubs are targeted to deliver a relaxed, café-style non-casino based electronic gaming experience.

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Gaming Patrons

Our gaming patrons include table game rolling chip patrons, table game mass market patrons and gaming machine players.

Mass market patrons are non-rolling chip patrons who come to our properties for a variety of reasons, including our high-quality hotel brands, our broad dining options and a variety of other non-gaming attractions and activities.

Rolling chip patrons are patrons who participate in our in-house rolling chip programs or, in some cases, in the rolling chip programs of our gaming promoters. Our rolling chip patrons or premium direct players play mostly in our VIP rooms or designated gaming areas and can earn a variety of gaming-related rebates, such as cash, rooms, food and beverage and other complimentary products or services.

Gaming Promoters

A portion of our rolling chip play in Macau in past years was brought to us by gaming promoters, also known as junket operators. While we had terminated our arrangements with all gaming promoters in Macau in December 2021, including at the Studio City Casino, we currently engage gaming promoters in Macau. Gaming promoters in Macau are independent third parties that include both individuals and corporate entities, all of which are officially required to be licensed by the DICJ.

We have procedures to screen prospective gaming promoters prior to their engagement and conduct periodic checks that are designed to ensure that the gaming promoters with whom we associate meet suitability standards. Where licensing requirements apply, we only engage gaming promoters who have been licensed by the relevant authority.

In Macau, our gaming promoters are compensated through commission arrangements that are calculated on a monthly or a per trip basis. We offer commission payment structures that are calculated by reference to the monthly rolling chip volume. Our gaming promoters may also receive complimentary allowances for food and beverage, hotel accommodation and transportation.

We conduct, and expect to continue to conduct, our table gaming activities at our casinos on a credit basis as well as a cash basis. In Macau, as a customary practice in this gaming market, we grant interest-free credit to certain gaming promoters for short-term, renewable periods. The credit we extend is typically unsecured. The gaming promoters bear the responsibility for issuing credit to and, subsequently collecting, from their players.

Market and Competition

We believe that the gaming market in Macau is and will continue to be intensely competitive. Our competitors in Macau include all the current concession holders in Macau and many of the largest gaming, hospitality, leisure and property development companies in the world. Some of these current and future competitors are larger than us and have significantly longer track records in the operation of major hotel casino resort properties.

Macau Gaming Market

In 2023 and 2022, Macau generated approximately US$22.8 billion and US$5.2 billion of gross gaming revenue, respectively, according to the DICJ. Macau is currently the only market in Greater China, and one of only several in Asia, to offer legalized casino gaming.

The COVID-19 outbreaks and the related policies implemented globally, especially the travel or visa restrictions imposed by the PRC, resulted in a significant decline in inbound tourism, among other things, leading to an 85.6% decrease in gross gaming revenue in 2022 compared to 2019, according to the DICJ. While travel restrictions globally have eased and travel restrictions between Macau and the PRC have been significantly relaxed in 2023, contributing to an increase in gross gaming revenues in Macau by 334% on a year-over-year basis in 2023 compared to 2022 and by 65.5% in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to the first quarter of 2023 according to the DICJ, we believe that disruptions from COVID-19 are ongoing and, according to the DICJ, gross gaming revenues in Macau in the first quarter of 2024 are still 24.7% below the first quarter of 2019, the last financial year before COVID-19 outbreaks. The disruptions to our business caused by COVID-19 outbreaks have had an adverse effect on our operations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our operating revenues generated amounted to US$3.19 billion and US$0.97 billion. Lower operating revenues in 2022 were mainly due to the effects of COVID-19.

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In addition to the effects of COVID-19, Macau continues to be impacted by a range of external factors, including uneven growth in the Chinese economy and government policies that may adversely affect the Macau gaming market. For example, the Chinese government has taken measures to deter marketing of gaming activities to mainland Chinese residents by offshore casinos and to reduce capital outflow. Such measures include reducing the amount that PRC-issued ATM cardholders can withdraw in each withdrawal, setting a limit for annual withdrawals and the launch of facial recognition and identity card checks with respect to certain ATM users.

The mass market table games segment accounted for 69.4% of market-wide gross gaming revenues in 2023, compared to 68.5% of market-wide gross gaming revenues in 2022, according to the DICJ. With our strategic focus on the premium mass market in the Cotai region, we believe we are well positioned to cater to this increasingly important, and more profitable, segment of the market. Moreover, we believe the long-term growth in gaming and non-gaming revenues in Macau are supported by, among other things, the continuing emergence of a wealthier demographic in the PRC, a robust regulatory framework and significant new infrastructure developments in Macau and the PRC, as well as by the anticipated new supply of gaming and non-gaming facilities in Macau, which is predominantly focused on the Cotai region. According to the DSEC, visitation to Macau totaled more than 28.2 million in 2023, an increase of 394.9% compared to 2022 but below the 39.4 million visitors in 2019. Visitors from the PRC represented 67.5% of all visitors to Macau in 2023, compared to 89.6% in 2022, and visitors from Hong Kong and Taiwan represented 25.5% and 1.8%, of all visitors to Macau in 2023, respectively.

In terms of competition, gaming in Macau is administered through concessions awarded by the Macau government to six different concessionaires: Melco Resorts Macau; Sociedade de Jogos de Macau, S.A., ("SJM"), in which family members of Mr. Lawrence Ho, our chief executive officer and the chairman and chief executive officer of the Parent, have shareholding interests; Wynn Resorts (Macau) S.A. ("Wynn Macau"), a subsidiary of Wynn Resorts Ltd.; Galaxy Casino, S.A. ("Galaxy"); MGM Grand Paradise, S.A. ("MGM Grand Paradise"), which was originally formed as a joint venture by MGM-Mirage and Ms. Pansy Ho, sister of Mr. Lawrence Ho; and Venetian Macau Limited ("VML"), a subsidiary of Sands China Ltd and Las Vegas Sands Corporation.

SJM currently operates multiple casinos throughout Macau. SJM (through its predecessor, Tourism and Entertainment Company of Macau Limited) commenced its gaming operations in Macau in 1962. In July 2021, SJM opened Grand Lisboa Palace, in Cotai. SJM opened The Karl Lagerfeld and Palazzo Versace Macau, respectively, in June and November 2023.

Wynn Macau opened the Wynn Macau in September 2006 on the Macau peninsula and an extension called Encore in 2010. In August 2016, Wynn Macau opened Wynn Palace, in Cotai.

Galaxy currently operates multiple casinos in Macau, including StarWorld, a hotel and casino resort in Macau's central business and tourism district. The Galaxy Macau Resort opened in Cotai in May 2011 and the opening of Phase 2 of the Galaxy Macau Resort took place in May 2015. Galaxy progressively opened Phase 3 of the Galaxy Macau Resort from the second quarter 2023, while Phase 4 is currently under development and is expected to open in 2027.

VML operates Sands Macao on the Macau peninsula, The Venetian Macao, the Plaza Casino at The Four Seasons Hotel Macao and the Parisian Macao. VML also operated Sands Cotai Central in Cotai in the past, which has been rebranded and redeveloped as The Londoner Macao, which opened in February 2021.

MGM Grand Paradise opened its MGM Macau facilities in December 2007, which are located next to Wynn Macau on the Macau peninsula, and its MGM Cotai resort in February 2018.

In addition to facing competition from existing operations of these concessionaires, we will face increased competition when any of them constructs new, or renovates pre-existing, hotels and casinos in Macau or enters into leasing, services or other arrangements with hotel owners, developers or other parties for the operation of casinos and gaming activities in new or renovated properties.

The existing concessions do not place any limits on the number of gaming facilities that may be operated. The Macau government does, however, limit the aggregate number of gaming tables and gaming machines in Macau and the opening of a new facility is subject to Macau government approval. The current cap of gaming tables and gaming machines are 6,000 and 12,000 respectively.

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Law no. 7/2022 which amends the Macau Gaming Operations Law (Law no. 16/2001) came into force in June 2022. Principal changes under the amended Macau Gaming Operations Law include, among others, the following:

Other Regional Markets

We may also face competition from casinos and gaming resorts located in other Asian destinations together with cruise ships. Casinos and integrated gaming resorts are becoming increasingly popular in Asia, giving rise to more opportunities for industry participants and increasing regional competition. There are major gaming facilities in Australia located in Melbourne, Perth, Sydney and the Gold Coast. Genting Highlands is a popular international gaming resort in Malaysia, approximately a one-hour drive from Kuala Lumpur. South Korea has allowed gaming for some time but these offerings are available primarily to foreign visitors. Kangwon Land operates the only casino in the country that is open to Korean nationals.

There is also strong competition from the Philippine market from hotels and resorts owned by both Philippine nationals and foreigners, including many of the largest gaming, hospitality, leisure and resort companies in the world, such as Travellers International Hotel Group, Inc., Bloomberry Resorts Corporation and Tiger Resorts Leisure and Entertainment Inc. as well as the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, an entity owned and controlled by the government of the Philippines, which operates certain gaming facilities across the Philippines. There are also casinos in Vietnam and Cambodia, although they are relatively small compared to those in Macau. There are two major gaming facilities in Singapore located on Sentosa and at Marina Bay.

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In December 2016, a law which conceptually enables the development of integrated resorts in Japan took effect, with corresponding legislation providing a legislative framework for the development and implementation of integrated resorts in Japan taking effect in July 2018. A proposed project in Osaka was awarded to MGM Resorts International and its joint venture partner Orix Corporation which is currently scheduled to open in 2030. In addition, several other Asian countries are considering or are in the process of legalizing gambling and establishing casino-based entertainment complexes.

Seasonality

Macau, our principal market, experiences many peaks and seasonal effects. The "Golden Week" and "Chinese New Year" holidays are in general the key periods where business and visitation increase considerably in Macau. While we may experience fluctuations in revenues and cash flows from month to month, we do not believe that our business is materially impacted by seasonality.

Employees

We had 14,595 and 12,044 employees as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of employees categorized by the areas of operations and as a percentage of our workforce as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

None of our employees are members of any labor union and we are not party to any collective bargaining or similar agreement with our employees.

We have implemented a number of employee attraction and retention initiatives over recent years for the benefit of our employees and their families. These initiatives include, among others, a unique in-house learning academy (which provides curriculum across multi-functional tracks such as technical training - gaming and non-gaming, sales and marketing, legal, finance, human resources, computer application, language, service, leadership and lifestyle), a foundation acceleration program designed to enhance our employees' understanding of business perspectives beyond their own jobs, an on-site high school diploma program and Diploma in Casino Management and Advanced Diploma in Gaming Management (a collaboration with The University of Macau), the Diploma in Hospitality Management (a collaboration with the Institute for Tourism Studies), scholarship awards to encourage the concept of life-long learning, as well as ample internal promotion and transfer opportunities. In September 2015, we launched the Melco You-niversity program with the Edinburgh Napier University, an overseas institution based in the United Kingdom, to bring a bachelor degree program in-house.

Intellectual Property

We have the right to use certain trademarks that are owned or licensed by a subsidiary of our Parent, including "Morpheus," "Altira," "Mocha Club," "City of Dreams," "Nüwa," "The Countdown," "The House of Dancing Water," and "Melco Resorts & Entertainment," in Macau and/or other jurisdictions.

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Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We are currently a party to certain legal and administrative proceedings, investigations and claims, which relate to matters arising out of the ordinary course of our business. Based on the current status of such proceedings and the information currently available, our management does not believe that the outcome of such proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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MANAGEMENT

Director and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information regarding our sole director and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Director

Mr. Clarence Yuk Man Chung is our sole director. Mr. Chung is a director of the Parent and he was appointed to his current role in November, 2006. Mr. Chung has also been an executive director of Melco International since May 2006, which he joined in December 2003. In addition, Mr. Chung has been the chairman and president of Melco Resorts and Entertainment (Philippines) Corporation ("MRP") since December 2012, a director of SCI (NYSE: MSC) since October 2018 and has also been appointed as a director of certain of the Parent's subsidiaries incorporated in various jurisdictions. Before joining Melco International, Mr. Chung had been in the financial industry in various capacities as a chief financial officer, an investment banker and a merger and acquisition specialist. He was named one of the "Asian Gaming 50" for multiple years by Inside Asian Gaming magazine. Mr. Chung is a member of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and obtained a master's degree in business administration from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

Executive Officers

Mr. Lawrence Yau Lung Ho is our chief executive officer. He was appointed as the Parent's director on December 20, 2004 and served as its co-chairman and chief executive officer between December 2004 and April 2016 before being re-designated as chairman and chief executive officer in May 2016. Mr. Ho became the managing director of Melco International in 2001 and has been its chairman and chief executive officer since March 2006. In addition, Mr. Ho has been a director of SCI since July 2011. Mr. Ho has also been appointed as the chairman and director of Maple Peak Investments Inc., a company listed on the TSX Venture Exchange in Canada, since July 2016.

As a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Mr. Ho serves on the board or participates as a committee member in various organizations in Hong Kong, Macau and mainland China. He is a vice chairman of All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce; a member of the Macau Basic Law Promotion Association; a member of the Board of Governors of The Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong; a member of the Asia International Leadership Council; honorary advisor of Global Tourism Economy Research Centre; permanent honorary committee member of The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce of Hong Kong; honorary patron of The Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Macao; honorary president of Macau Research Association for Macau Gaming Law; honorary president of the Association of Property Agents and Real Estate Developers of Macau and a director executive of the Macao Chinese General Chamber of Commerce.

In 2017, Mr. Ho was awarded the Medal of Merit-Tourism by the Macau SAR government for his significant contributions to tourism in the territory.

In recognition of Mr. Ho's directorship and entrepreneurial spirit, he was granted the Business Awards of Macau's "Leadership Gold Award" in 2015 and honored with the "Outstanding Individual Award" at the Industry Community Awards in 2020. Mr. Ho has been honored as one of the recipients of the "Asian Corporate Director Recognition Awards" by Corporate Governance Asia magazine for nine years since 2012 and was awarded " Asia's Best CEO" at the Asian Excellence Awards for the 12^th year in 2023.

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Mr. Ho graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in commerce from the University of Toronto, Canada, in June 1999 and was awarded the Honorary Doctor of Business Administration degree by Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, in July 2009 for his contribution to business, education and the community in Hong Kong, Macau and the PRC.

Mr. Geoffrey Stuart Davis is our chief financial officer. Mr. Davis is also the executive vice president and chief financial officer of the Parent and he was appointed to this role in April 2011. Prior to that, he served as the Parent's deputy chief financial officer from August 2010 to March 2011 and the Parent's senior vice president, corporate finance since 2007, when he joined the Parent. In addition, Mr. Davis has been the chief financial officer of Melco International since December 2017, the chief financial officer and a director of SCI since June 2019 and October 2018, respectively, and is also a director of a number of the Parent's subsidiaries. Prior to joining the Parent, Mr. Davis was a research analyst for Citigroup Investment Research, where he covered the U.S. gaming industry from 2001 to 2007. From 1996 to 2000, he held a number of positions at Hilton Hotels Corporation and Park Place Entertainment. Mr. Davis has been a CFA charter holder since 2000 and obtained a bachelor of arts degree from Brown University.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Studio City Casino Agreement

On May 11, 2007, Melco Resorts Macau and Studio City Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Parent, entered into a services and right to use agreement (as amended on June 15, 2012, together with the reimbursement agreement of the same date and other agreements or arrangements entered into from time to time regarding the operation of Studio City Casino) pursuant to which Melco Resorts Macau operated Studio City Casino. These arrangements were further amended on June 23, 2022. The Studio City Casino Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions for the operation of Studio City Casino by Melco Resorts Macau and the obligations of Studio City Entertainment in respect thereof.

Under the Studio City Casino Agreement, Melco Resorts Macau manages the day to day operations at the Studio City Casino, including determining the number and mix of gaming tables and gaming machines operated at the Studio City Casino, and develops and implements systems and controls and provides security necessary for Studio City Casino. Melco Resorts Macau is also responsible for recruiting casino staff, including dealers, cashiers, security and surveillance personnel and managers. Melco Resorts Macau will deduct gaming taxes and costs incurred in connection with its ongoing operation of Studio City Casino. Such costs include the costs for allocation of any gaming tables for operation of the Studio City Casino above 26.4% of Melco Resorts Macau's overall gaming tables allocated to Melco Resorts Macau by the Macau government. Studio City Entertainment receives the residual gross gaming revenues and recognizes these amounts as revenue from the Studio City Casino Agreement. As Melco Resorts Macau was allocated 750 gaming tables by the Macau government, pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement, Melco Resorts Macau is permitted to deduct costs for the allocation of gaming tables for operation at the Studio City Casino which exceed 198 gaming tables, provided such costs have been approved by SCI's related party transactions policy. The Studio City Casino Agreement obligates Melco Resorts Macau to manage the day to day operations of the Studio City Casino in a manner intended to appeal to the VIP and mass gaming markets at a standard of quality of service set by Melco Resorts Macau in line with the overall development and operational strategy determined by SCI; however, the Studio City Casino Agreement does not require Melco Resorts Macau to operate a minimum number of gaming tables or gaming machines at the Studio City Casino or any specified mix of gaming tables and gaming machines, and the number of gaming tables and/or gaming machines may be reduced or increased by Melco Resorts Macau as it may determine pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Studio City Casino Agreement.

The Studio City Casino Agreement is subject to customary events of default, including failure of Studio City Entertainment to make any payment required by the agreement or any action by Studio City Entertainment which causes or is likely to cause Melco Resorts Macau to be in breach of its concession. The parties may terminate the Studio City Casino Agreement in the event of a default under the Studio City Casino Agreement or, among others, as a result of regulatory review, except that as long as Studio City Entertainment is directly or indirectly under the control of Melco, Melco Resorts Macau may not terminate the Studio City Casino Agreement.

Management and Shared Services Agreements

On December 21, 2015, SCI and certain of its subsidiaries entered into the Master Services Agreements with certain Melco Affiliates, which sets out the terms and conditions that apply to certain services to be provided under individual work agreements by the Melco Affiliates to certain subsidiaries of SCI and vice versa. The Master Services Agreements and the related arrangements for work agreements have been extended to December 31, 2032.

Advances to Affiliated Companies

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding balances of advances to affiliated companies, Melco and its subsidiaries, were US$1.42 billion and US$1.42 billion, respectively, which were unsecured and non-interest bearing. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no part of the amounts will be repayable within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date and, accordingly, the amounts were shown as non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Loans to an Affiliated Company

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding balances of loans to an affiliated company, Melco, consisted of term loan and/or loan on revolving basis, under the intercompany loan agreements as stated below, were US$219.1 million and US$330.0 million, respectively. Melco has the unconditional right to elect to refinance any maturing amount of the loan advances by way of a rollover loan.

Pursuant to an agreement dated May 18, 2022, as amended on February 27, 2023, entered into between the Company and Melco, with effect from April 6, 2022, the Company agreed to make loan advances to Melco in an amount of up to US$250.0 million on a revolving basis until (and including) April 5, 2027, at a rate not higher than 12 month Term SOFR plus 5% per annum (as and unless otherwise agreed from time to time between both parties) ("Loan Receivable 1"). As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding balances under Loan Receivable 1 of nil and US$170.0 million, respectively, were unsecured and interest-free. As of December 31, 2022, there was no scheduled repayment within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date and accordingly, the amounts were shown as non-current assets.

Pursuant to an agreement dated February 27, 2023 entered into between the Company and Melco, with effect from August 25, 2022, the Company agreed to make loan advances to Melco in an amount of up to US$160.0 million on a revolving basis until (and including) August 24, 2027, at a rate not higher than 12 month Term SOFR plus 5% per annum (as and unless otherwise agreed from time to time between both parties) ("Loan Receivable 2"). On August 1, 2023, the Company and Melco agreed to change the terms of Loan Receivable 2 pursuant to the Confirmation Letter as described below.

Pursuant to an agreement dated April 27, 2023 entered into between the Company and Melco, with effect from March 9, 2023, the Company agreed to make loan advances to Melco in an amount of up to US$158.0 million on a revolving basis until (and including) March 8, 2028, at a rate not higher than 12 month Term SOFR plus 5% per annum (as and unless otherwise agreed from time to time between both parties) ("Loan Receivable 3"). On August 1, 2023, the Company and Melco agreed to change the terms of Loan Receivable 3 pursuant to the Confirmation Letter as described below.

Pursuant to a confirmation letter dated August 1, 2023 entered into between the Company and Melco (the "Confirmation Letter"), with effect from May 1, 2023, both parties agreed to convert the settlement currency of Loan Receivable 2 and Loan Receivable 3 with outstanding US$ loan principal amounts of US$160.0 million and US$158.0 million, respectively, from an aggregate of US$318.0 million at an agreed exchange rate to an outstanding HK$ loan principal amount of HK$2.50 billion (equivalent to US$318.0 million). Pursuant to the Confirmation Letter, both parties also agreed to amend the interest rate under the Loan Receivable 2 and Loan Receivable 3 from a rate not higher than 12 month Term SOFR plus 5% per annum to the aggregate of i) Term SOFR plus an applicable credit adjustment spread and an applicable margin for loan advances denominated in US$; and ii) HIBOR plus an applicable margin for loan advances denominated in HK$.

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balances under the Loan Receivable 2 and Loan Receivable 3 of HK$471.0 million (equivalent to US$60.3 million) and HK$1.24 billion (equivalent to US$158.8 million), respectively, were unsecured and interest bearing at 7.53% per annum. As of December 31, 2022, the outstanding balances under the Loan Receivable 2 of US$160.0 million were unsecured and interest bearing at 5.63% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no scheduled repayment within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date and accordingly, the amounts were shown as non-current assets.

For discussion of other significant related party transactions we entered into during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see note 21 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

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DESCRIPTION OF OTHER MATERIAL INDEBTEDNESS

2015 Credit Facilities

Overview

On June 29, 2015, our subsidiary Melco Resorts Macau, as borrower, amended and restated a prior senior secured credit facilities agreement to a HK$13.65 billion (equivalent to US$1.75 billion) senior secured credit facilities agreement, being the 2015 Credit Facilities. The 2015 Credit Facilities comprise a H.K. dollar term loan facility of HK$3.90 billion (equivalent to US$500.0 million) with a term of 6 years (the "2015 Term Loan Facility") and a multicurrency revolving credit facility of HK$9.75 billion (equivalent to US$1.25 billion) with a term of 5 years (the "2015 Revolving Credit Facility").

On May 6, 2020, MCO Nominee One drew down HK$2.73 billion (equivalent to US$352.2 million) under the 2020 Credit Facilities and, on May 7, 2020, we used a portion of the proceeds from such drawdown to repay all outstanding loan amounts under the 2015 Credit Facilities, together with accrued interest and associated costs. Other than HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million) which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023 under the 2015 Term Loan Facility, all other commitments under the 2015 Term Loan Facility were canceled. In addition, a part of the revolving credit facility commitments under the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility were canceled. Post cancellation, the available revolving credit facility commitments under the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility were HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million).

Compliance with certain provisions of the 2015 Credit Facilities were waived pursuant to a waiver letter from Bank of China Limited, Macau Branch (in its capacity as the sole lender under the 2015 Credit Facilities) ("BOC Macau") to Melco Resorts Macau dated April 29, 2020 (the "BOC Waiver Letter"). The BOC Waiver Letter became effective on May 7, 2020.

Maturity Date

The final maturity date of the 2015 Credit Facilities was: (i) June 29, 2021 in respect of the 2015 Term Loan Facility; and (ii) June 29, 2020 in respect of the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility, or if earlier, the date of repayment, prepayment or cancellation in full of the 2015 Credit Facilities. Pursuant to the terms of the BOC Waiver Letter (as defined above), the maturity date of the 2015 Credit Facilities was extended to June 24, 2022. The maturity date of the 2015 Credit Facilities was extended to December 31, 2022, and further extended to June 24, 2024 (the "Extended Termination Date"), pursuant to extension request letters dated April 6, 2022 and December 14, 2022, respectively.

Drawdowns/Repayment

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal balances under the 2015 Term Loan Facility and the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility were HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million) and nil, respectively. The 2015 Revolving Credit Facility of HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million) remains available for future drawdown as of December 31, 2023.

No further drawdowns may be made under the 2015 Term Loan Facility. The available revolving credit facility commitments under the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility are available on a fully revolving basis up to the date that is one month prior to the Extended Termination Date.

The principal amount of the 2015 Term Loan Facility, and all interest accruing thereon, is repayable in full on the Extended Termination Date. Each loan made under the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility is repayable in full on the last day of an agreed upon interest period in respect of the loan, generally ranging from one to six months, or rolling over subject to compliance with certain covenants and satisfaction of conditions precedent.

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Interest and Fees

Pursuant to the BOC Waiver Letter, borrowings under the 2015 Credit Facilities bear interest at HIBOR plus a margin of 1% per annum. Melco Resorts Macau is obligated to pay a commitment fee on the undrawn amount of the 2015 Revolving Credit Facility.

Security

The indebtedness under the 2015 Credit Facilities is guaranteed by the 2015 Borrowing Group. Security for the 2015 Credit Facilities includes: a first priority interest in substantially all assets of the 2015 Borrowing Group, the issued share capital and equity interests and certain bank accounts, buildings, fixtures and equipment of the 2015 Borrowing Group and certain other excluded assets and customary security.

Covenants

The 2015 Credit Facilities contained covenants customary for such financings, including, but not limited to, the limitations on (except as permitted under the 2015 Credit Facilities) (i) incurring additional liens; (ii) incurring additional indebtedness (including guarantees); (iii) making certain investments; (iv) paying dividends and other restricted payments; (v) creating any subsidiaries; and (vi) selling assets. The financial covenants under the 2015 Credit Facilities included a leverage ratio, total leverage ratio and interest cover ratio. Pursuant to the terms of the BOC Waiver Letter, BOC Macau agreed, among other things, to relax the borrower's obligations under the 2015 Credit Facilities by way of a waiver of (i) the requirement to comply with substantially all information undertakings, financial covenants, general undertakings and mandatory prepayment provisions, and (ii) the requirement to make substantially all of the representations, subject to certain conditions and terms.

Events of Default

The event of default regime under the 2015 Credit Facilities comprises events of default that are customary for a facility of this nature including, among others, subject to certain grace periods and exceptions: (i) the failure to make any payment when due; (ii) the breach of financial covenants; (iii) a cross default triggered by any other event of default in the facility agreements or other documents forming the indebtedness of the borrower and/or guarantors and/or members of the Borrowing Group; the breach of the credit facility documents; (iv) certain events occurring which may give rise to a termination or rescission of Melco Resorts Macau's concession contract and land concessions; (vi) insolvency or bankruptcy events; and (vii) misrepresentations on the part of the borrower and guarantors in statements made in the loan documents delivered to the lenders.

Pursuant to the terms of the BOC Waiver Letter, BOC Macau agreed, among other things, to waive certain current and/or future defaults and events of default that may arise under the terms of the 2015 Credit Facilities, subject to certain conditions and terms.

2020 Credit Facilities

Overview

On April 29, 2020, our subsidiary MCO Nominee One, as borrower, entered into a senior revolving credit facilities agreement for a HK$14.85 billion multicurrency revolving credit facility (equivalent to US$1.92 billion) with an initial term of 5 years.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, MCO Nominee One drew down US$820.0 million and HK$5.31 billion (equivalent to US$679.8 million) in aggregate on a net basis under the 2020 Credit Facilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, MCO Nominee One repaid US$820.0 million and HK$206.0 million (equivalent to US$29.6 million) in aggregate on a net basis along with accrued interest under the 2020 Credit Facilities.

Maturity Date

The original final maturity date of the 2020 Credit Facilities was April 29, 2025, or if earlier, the date of repayment, prepayment or cancellation in full of the 2020 Credit Facilities. On April 8, 2024, the maturity date was extended by two years to April 29, 2027.

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Drawdowns/Repayment

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal balance under the 2020 Credit Facilities was HK$8.22 billion (equivalent to US$1.05 billion), and the available unused borrowing capacity under the 2020 Credit Facilities was HK$6.63 billion (equivalent to US$848.5 million).

On March 28, 2024, HK$1.17 billion (equivalent to US$149.5 million) of the loan principal outstanding under the 2020 Credit Facilities was repaid, together with accrued interest, increasing the availability under the 2020 Credit Facilities to HK$7.80 billion (equivalent to US$996.7 million).

Drawdowns on the 2020 Credit Facilities are available on a fully revolving basis up to the date that is one month prior to the 2020 Credit Facilities' final maturity date.

Each loan made under the 2020 Credit Facilities is repayable in full on the last day of an agreed upon interest period in respect of the loan, generally ranging from one to six months, or rolling over subject to compliance with certain covenants and satisfaction of conditions precedent. MCO Nominee One may make voluntary prepayments in respect of the 2020 Credit Facilities in a minimum amount of HK$10.0 million (equivalent to US$1.3 million), plus the amount of any applicable break costs. MCO Nominee One is also subject to mandatory prepayment requirements in respect of various amounts as specified in the 2020 Credit Facilities. In the event of a change of control, MCO Nominee One may be required, at the election of any lender under the 2020 Credit Facilities, to repay such lender in full. Under the terms of the 2020 Credit Facilities, change of control events include a decline below certain thresholds in the aggregate direct or indirect shareholdings of Melco Resorts Macau or the Company by the Parent or/and Melco International and liquidation or dissolution of the Company. In the event Melco Resorts Macau's concession contract or land concessions are terminated or otherwise expire on its terms, MCO Nominee One may be required, at the election of any lender under the 2020 Credit Facilities, to repay such lender in full.

Interest and Fees

Borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facilities bears interest at HIBOR if denominated in H.K. dollars, or Term SOFR together with an applicable credit adjustment spread ranging from 0.06% to 0.20% per annum if denominated in U.S. dollars, plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00% per annum as adjusted in accordance with the leverage ratio in respect of MCO Nominee One and certain of its specified subsidiaries ("2020 Borrowing Group"). Prior to June 29, 2023, borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facilities denominated in U.S. dollars bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00% per annum as adjusted in accordance with the leverage ratio in respect of MCO Nominee One and certain of its specified subsidiaries. MCO Nominee One may select an interest period for borrowings under the 2020 Credit Facilities of one, two, three or six months or any other agreed period. MCO Nominee One is obligated to pay a commitment fee quarterly in arrears from April 29, 2020 on the undrawn amount of the 2020 Credit Facilities until the end of the applicable availability period.

Security

The indebtedness under the 2020 Credit Facilities is guaranteed by Melco Resorts Macau and MCO Investments Limited ("MCO Investments" and together with Melco Resorts Macau, the "Subsidiary Guarantors"). The 2020 Credit Facilities are unsecured.

Covenants

The 2020 Credit Facilities contain covenants customary for such financings, including, but not limited to, the limitations on (except as permitted under the 2020 Credit Facilities) (i) incurring additional liens; (ii) incurring additional indebtedness (including guarantees); (iii) the disposal of certain key assets; and (iv) carrying on businesses which are not the permitted business activities of MCO Investments and its subsidiaries.

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On November 26, 2020, MCO Nominee One received confirmation that the majority of lenders of the 2020 Credit Facilities have consented and agreed to waive the following financial condition covenants contained in the facility agreement under the Facility Agreement:

in each case in respect of the relevant periods ended or ending on the following applicable test dates: (a) December 31, 2020; (b) March 31, 2021; (c) June 30, 2021; (d) September 30, 2021; and (e) December 31, 2021. Such consent became effective on December 2, 2020.

On November 5, 2021, MCO Nominee One received confirmation that the majority of lenders of the 2020 Credit Facilities consented and agreed to a waiver extension of the same financial condition covenants contained in the facility agreement under the 2020 Credit Facilities (as described above) for the relevant periods ended or ending on the following applicable test dates: (a) March 31, 2022; (b) June 30, 2022; (c) September 30, 2022; and (d) December 31, 2022.

On August 16, 2022, MCO Nominee One received confirmation that the majority of lenders of the 2020 Credit Facilities consented and agreed to a waiver extension of the same financial condition covenants contained in the facility agreement under the 2020 Credit Facilities (as described above) for the relevant periods ended or ending on the following applicable test dates: (a) March 31, 2023; (b) June 30, 2023; (c) September 30, 2023; (d) December 31, 2023; and (e) March 31, 2024.

Events of Default

The event of default regime under the 2020 Credit Facilities comprises events of default that are customary for a facility of this nature including, among others, subject to certain grace periods and exceptions:

2025 Senior Notes

Overview

On June 6, 2017, Melco Resorts Finance issued the First 2025 Senior Notes, comprising US$650.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2025, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount, and, on July 3, 2017, Melco Resorts Finance issued the Additional 2025 Senior Notes, comprising US$350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2025, at an issue price of 100.75% of the principal amount.

Interest

The 2025 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 6 and December 6 of each year.

Ranking and Priority

The 2025 Senior Notes are general obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and rank senior in right of payment to any existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and effectively subordinated to all of Melco Resorts Finance's existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and all of the indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance's subsidiaries.

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Maturity and Redemption

The 2025 Senior Notes mature on June 6, 2025 and Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2025 Senior Notes at any time prior to June 6, 2020, at the applicable "make-whole" redemption price as described in the 2025 Senior Notes indenture. On or after June 6, 2020, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2025 Senior Notes at any time at fixed redemption prices that decline ratably over time. In addition, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem up to 35% of the 2025 Senior Notes with the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings at a fixed redemption price at any time prior to June 6, 2020. Further, under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2025 Senior Notes indenture, Melco Resorts Finance also has the option to redeem in whole, but not in part the 2025 Senior Notes at fixed redemption prices. In certain events that relate to the gaming concession of Melco Resorts Macau and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2025 Senior Notes Indenture, each holder of the 2025 Senior Notes will have the right to require Melco Resorts Finance to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2025 Senior Notes at a fixed redemption price.

Covenants

The 2025 Senior Notes indenture contains certain covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and conditions, limit the ability of Melco Resorts Finance to, among other things, effect a consolidation or merger or sell assets.

Events of Default

The 2025 Senior Notes indenture contains certain customary events of default, including default in the payment of principal, or of any premium, on the 2025 Senior Notes, when such payments become due; default in payment of interest which continues for 30 days; breaches of covenants; defaults under other indebtedness; insolvency; termination or rescission of any gaming license required for our gaming business and other events of default specified in the 2025 Senior Notes indenture, in each case subject to thresholds and/or other qualifications specified therein. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the 2025 Senior Notes indenture, the trustee under the 2025 Senior Notes indenture or the holders of at least 25% of the then outstanding 2025 Senior Notes may declare the principal of the 2025 Senior Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest and premium (if any) to be immediately due and payable.

2026 Senior Notes

Overview

On April 26, 2019, Melco Resorts Finance issued the 2026 Senior Notes, comprising US$500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.250% senior notes due 2026, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount.

Interest

The 2026 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.250% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 26 and October 26 of each year.

Ranking and Priority

The 2026 Senior Notes are general obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and rank senior in right of payment to any existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and effectively subordinated to all of Melco Resorts Finance's existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and all of the indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance's subsidiaries.

Maturity and Redemption

The 2026 Senior Notes mature on April 26, 2026 and Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2026 Senior Notes at any time prior to April 26, 2022, at the applicable "make-whole" redemption price as described in the 2026 Senior Notes indenture. On or after April 26, 2022, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2026 Senior Notes at any time at fixed redemption prices that decline ratably over time. In addition, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem up to 35% of the 2026 Senior Notes with the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings at a fixed redemption price at any time prior to April 26, 2022. Further, under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2026 Senior Notes indenture, Melco Resorts Finance also has the option to redeem in whole, but not in part the 2026 Senior Notes at fixed redemption prices. In certain events that relate to the gaming concession of Melco Resorts Macau and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2026 Senior Notes indenture, each holder of the 2026 Senior Notes will have the right to require Melco Resorts Finance to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2026 Senior Notes at a fixed redemption price.

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Covenants

The 2026 Senior Notes indenture contains certain covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and conditions, limit the ability of Melco Resorts Finance to, among other things, effect a consolidation or merger or sell assets.

Events of Default

The 2026 Senior Notes indenture contains certain customary events of default, including default in the payment of principal, or of any premium, on the 2026 Senior Notes, when such payments become due; default in payment of interest which continues for 30 days; breaches of covenants; defaults under other indebtedness; insolvency; termination or rescission of any gaming license required for our gaming business and other events of default specified in the 2026 Senior Notes indenture, in each case subject to thresholds and/or other qualifications specified therein. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the 2026 Senior Notes indenture, the trustee under the 2026 Senior Notes indenture or the holders of at least 25% of the then outstanding 2026 Senior Notes may declare the principal of the 2026 Senior Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest and premium (if any) to be immediately due and payable.

2027 Senior Notes

Overview

On July 17, 2019, Melco Resorts Finance issued the 2027 Senior Notes, comprising US$600.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.625% senior notes due 2027, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount.

Interest

The 2027 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.625% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 17 and July 17 of each year beginning on January 17, 2020.

Ranking and Priority

The 2027 Senior Notes are general obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and rank senior in right of payment to any existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and effectively subordinated to all of Melco Resorts Finance's existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and all of the indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance's subsidiaries.

Maturity and Redemption

The 2027 Senior Notes mature on July 17, 2027 and Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Senior Notes at any time prior to July 17, 2022, at the applicable "make-whole" redemption price as described in the 2027 Senior Notes indenture. On or after July 17, 2022, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Senior Notes at any time at fixed redemption prices that decline ratably over time. In addition, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem up to 35% of the 2027 Senior Notes with the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings at a fixed redemption price at any time prior to July 17, 2022. Further, under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2027 Senior Notes indenture, Melco Resorts Finance also has the option to redeem in whole, but not in part the 2027 Senior Notes at fixed redemption prices. In certain events that relate to the gaming concession of Melco Resorts Macau and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2027 Senior Notes indenture, each holder of the 2027 Senior Notes will have the right to require Melco Resorts Finance to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2027 Senior Notes at a fixed redemption price.

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Covenants

The 2027 Senior Notes indenture contains certain covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and conditions, limit the ability of Melco Resorts Finance to, among other things, effect a consolidation or merger or sell assets.

Events of Default

The 2027 Senior Notes indenture contains certain customary events of default, including default in the payment of principal, or of any premium, on the 2027 Senior Notes, when such payments become due; default in payment of interest which continues for 30 days; breaches of covenants; defaults under other indebtedness; insolvency; termination or rescission of any gaming license required for our gaming business and other events of default specified in the 2027 Senior Notes indenture, in each case subject to thresholds and/or other qualifications specified therein. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the 2027 Senior Notes indenture, the trustee under the 2027 Senior Notes indenture or the holders of at least 25% of the then outstanding 2027 Senior Notes may declare the principal of the 2027 Senior Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest and premium (if any) to be immediately due and payable.

2028 Senior Notes

Overview

On July 21, 2020, Melco Resorts Finance issued the First 2028 Senior Notes, comprising US$500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior notes due 2028, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount, and, on August 11, 2020, the Company issued the Additional 2028 Senior Notes, comprising US$350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior notes due 2025, at an issue price of 101% of the principal amount.

Interest

The 2028 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.750% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 21 and July 21 of each year.

Ranking and Priority

The 2028 Senior Notes are general obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and rank senior in right of payment to any existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and effectively subordinated to all of Melco Resorts Finance's existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and all of the indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance's subsidiaries.

Maturity and Redemption

The 2028 Senior Notes mature on July 21, 2028 and Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2028 Senior Notes at any time prior to July 21, 2023, at the applicable "make-whole" redemption price as described in the 2028 Senior Notes indenture. On or after July 21, 2023, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2028 Senior Notes at any time at fixed redemption prices that decline ratably over time. In addition, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem up to 35% of the 2028 Senior Notes with the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings at a fixed redemption price at any time prior to July 21, 2023. Further, under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2028 Senior Notes indenture, Melco Resorts Finance also has the option to redeem in whole, but not in part the 2028 Senior Notes at fixed redemption prices. In certain events that relate to the gaming concession of Melco Resorts Macau and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2028 Senior Notes indenture, each holder of the 2028 Senior Notes will have the right to require Melco Resorts Finance to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2028 Senior Notes at a fixed redemption price.

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Covenants

The 2028 Senior Notes indenture contains certain covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and conditions, limit the ability of Melco Resorts Finance to, among other things, effect a consolidation or merger or sell assets.

Events of Default

The 2028 Senior Notes indenture contains certain customary events of default, including default in the payment of principal, or of any premium, on the 2028 Senior Notes, when such payments become due; default in payment of interest which continues for 30 days; breaches of covenants; defaults under other indebtedness; insolvency; termination or rescission of any gaming license required for our gaming business and other events of default specified in the 2028 Senior Notes indenture, in each case subject to thresholds and/or other qualifications specified therein. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the 2028 Senior Notes indenture, the trustee under the 2028 Senior Notes indenture or the holders of at least 25% of the then outstanding 2028 Senior Notes may declare the principal of the 2028 Senior Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest and premium (if any) to be immediately due and payable.

2029 Senior Notes

Overview

On December 4, 2019, Melco Resorts Finance issued the First 2029 Senior Notes, comprising US$900.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes due 2029, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount, and, on January 21, 2021, Melco Resorts Finance issued the Additional 2029 Senior Notes, comprising US$250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes due 2029, at an issue price of 103.25% of the principal amount.

Interest

The 2029 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.375% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 4 and December 4 of each year beginning on June 4, 2020.

Ranking and Priority

The 2029 Senior Notes are general obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, rank equally in right of payment to all existing and future senior indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and rank senior in right of payment to any existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance and effectively subordinated to all of Melco Resorts Finance's existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and all of the indebtedness of Melco Resorts Finance's subsidiaries.

Maturity and Redemption

The 2029 Senior Notes mature on December 4, 2029 and Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Senior Notes at any time prior to December 4, 2024, at the applicable "make-whole" redemption price as described in the 2029 Senior Notes indenture. On or after December 4, 2024, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Senior Notes at any time at fixed redemption prices that decline ratably over time. In addition, Melco Resorts Finance has the option to redeem up to 35% of the 2029 Senior Notes with the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings at a fixed redemption price at any time prior to December 4, 2024. Further, under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2029 Senior Notes indenture, Melco Resorts Finance also has the option to redeem in whole, but not in part the 2029 Senior Notes at fixed redemption prices. In certain events that relate to the gaming concession of Melco Resorts Macau and subject to certain exceptions as more fully described in the 2029 Senior Notes indenture, each holder of the 2029 Senior Notes will have the right to require Melco Resorts Finance to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2029 Senior Notes at a fixed redemption price.

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Covenants

The 2029 Senior Notes indenture contains certain covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and conditions, limit the ability of Melco Resorts Finance to, among other things, effect a consolidation or merger or sell assets.

Events of Default

The 2029 Senior Notes indenture contains certain customary events of default, including default in the payment of principal, or of any premium, on the 2029 Senior Notes, when such payments become due; default in payment of interest which continues for 30 days; breaches of covenants; defaults under other indebtedness; insolvency; termination or rescission of any gaming license required for our gaming business and other events of default specified in the 2029 Senior Notes indenture, in each case subject to thresholds and/or other qualifications specified therein. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the 2029 Senior Notes indenture, the trustee under the 2029 Senior Notes indenture or the holders of at least 25% of the then outstanding 2029 Senior Notes may declare the principal of the 2029 Senior Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest and premium (if any) to be immediately due and payable.

Other Financing

We may obtain financing or refinancing in the form of, among other things, equity or debt, including additional bank loans or high yield, mezzanine or other debt, or rely on our operating cash flow to fund the development of our projects and other matters. The amounts may be material.

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MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

To the Shareholder and the Sole Director of Melco Resorts Finance Limited

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Melco Resorts Finance Limited (the Company), which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholder's (deficit) equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements").

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Responsibilities of Management for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the financial statements are available to be issued.

Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the financial statements.

In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we:

F-2

We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit.

Other Information

Management is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the annual report but does not include the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information, and we do not express an opinion or any form of assurance thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and consider whether a material inconsistency exists between the other information and the financial statements, or the other information otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If, based on the work performed, we conclude that an uncorrected material misstatement of the other information exists, we are required to describe it in our report.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Singapore

April 5, 2024

F-3

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDER'S (DEFICIT) EQUITY

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Melco Resorts Finance Limited ("Melco Resorts Finance") is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Melco Resorts Finance together with its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the "Company") is a developer, owner and operator of integrated resort facilities in the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ("Macau"). The Company operates its gaming business in Macau through its subsidiary, Melco Resorts (Macau) Limited ("Melco Resorts Macau"), a holder of a ten-year concession to operate games of fortune and chance in casinos in Macau which commenced on January 1, 2023 and ends on December 31, 2032 (the "Concession") and a holder of a previous gaming subconcession to operate gaming business in Macau which expired on December 31, 2022.

The Company currently operates City of Dreams and Altira Macau, integrated resorts located at Cotai and Taipa, respectively, Macau, Studio City Casino, a casino at Studio City, a cinematically-themed integrated resort in Cotai, Macau developed by affiliated companies of the Company, Grand Dragon Casino, a casino located at Taipa, Macau, and Mocha Clubs, non-casino based operations of electronic gaming machines in Macau.

Melco Resorts Finance's sole shareholder is Melco Resorts & Entertainment Limited ("Melco"), a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Melco's American depositary shares ("ADSs") are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market in the United States of America (the "U.S."). Melco International Development Limited ("Melco International"), a company listed in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ("Hong Kong"), is the single largest shareholder of Melco.

While the Company's business continues to recover from the impact of, and disruptions caused by, COVID-19, the pace of recovery of the Company's business from COVID-19 could vary materially from current estimates and could materially affect the Company's business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the financial impact on its future results of operations, cash flows and financial condition from these disruptions.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $645,555 and available unused borrowing capacity of $848,592, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent.

The Company continues to take cash preservation measures such as implementing cost reduction programs to minimize cash outflows for non-essential items, rationalizing the Company's capital expenditure programs with deferrals and reductions.

The Company believes it is able to support continuing operations and capital expenditures for at least twelve months after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Melco Resorts Finance and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

F-9

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. These estimates and judgments are based on historical information, information that is currently available to the Company and on various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company estimated the fair values using appropriate valuation methodologies and market information available as of the balance sheet date.

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents consist of bank time deposits placed with financial institutions with high-credit ratings and quality.

The current portion of restricted cash represents cash deposited into bank accounts which are restricted as to withdrawal and use and the Company expects these funds will be released or utilized in accordance with the terms of the respective agreements within the next twelve months, while the non-current portion of restricted cash represents funds that will not be released or utilized within the next twelve months. Restricted cash consists of cash deposits in (i) collateral bank accounts for bank guarantees as disclosed in Note 3; and (ii) collateral bank accounts associated with borrowings under the credit facilities as disclosed in Note 11.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of casino accounts receivable. The Company issues credit in the form of markers to approved casino customers following investigations of creditworthiness. Credit is/can be given to gaming promoters. These receivables can be offset against commissions payable and any other value items held by the Company to the respective customers and gaming promoters for which the Company intends to set off when required. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, a substantial portion of the Company's markers were due from customers and gaming promoters residing in foreign countries. Business and economic conditions, the legal enforceability of gaming debts, foreign currency control measures or other significant events in foreign countries could affect the collectability of receivables from customers and gaming promoters residing in these countries.

Accounts receivable, including casino, hotel and other receivables, are typically non-interest bearing and are recorded at amortized cost. Accounts are written off when management deems it is probable the receivables are uncollectible. Recoveries of accounts previously written off are recorded when received. An estimated allowance for credit losses is maintained to reduce the Company's receivables to their carrying amounts, which reflects the net amount the Company expects to collect. The allowance for credit losses is estimated based on specific reviews of the age of the balances owed, the customers' financial condition, management's experience with the collection trends of the customers, current business and economic conditions, and management's expectations of future business and economic conditions.

F-10

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Management believes that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no significant concentrations of credit risk existed for which an allowance had not already been recorded.

Inventories consist of retail merchandise, food and beverage items and certain operating supplies, which are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is calculated using the weighted average method.

Assets classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair values less costs to sell. Losses are recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down to fair values less costs to sell, while gains are recognized for any subsequent increases in fair values less costs to sell, but not in excess of the cumulative losses previously recognized. Assets are not depreciated and amortized while classified as held for sale.

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, and accumulated impairment, if any. Gains or losses on dispositions of property and equipment are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Major additions, renewals and betterments are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

During the construction and development stage of the Company's integrated resort facilities, direct and incremental costs related to the design and construction, including costs under construction contracts, duties and tariffs, equipment installations, shipping costs, payroll and payroll-benefit related costs, applicable portions of interest, including amortization of deferred financing costs, are capitalized in property and equipment. The capitalization of such costs begins when the construction and development of a project starts and ceases once the construction is substantially completed or development activity is substantially suspended.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to capitalized construction costs and other property and equipment is recognized from the time each asset is placed in service. This may occur at different stages as integrated resort facilities are completed and opened.

Property and equipment are depreciated and amortized over the following estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis:

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, impairments of property and equipment of $110,033 and $3,595, being part of the impairment of long-lived assets as described in Note 2(k), were recognized, respectively, and included in property charges and other in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

F-11

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition cost over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible net assets of any business acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, and between annual tests when circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable.

Intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their useful lives unless their lives are determined to be indefinite in which case they are not amortized. Intangible assets are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization, and accumulated impairment, if any. The Company's finite-lived intangible assets consist of the previous gaming subconcession for the period up to its expiry on December 31, 2022, the Concession and internal-use software. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the shorter of their contractual terms or estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. The Company's intangible assets with indefinite lives represent Mocha Clubs trademarks, which are tested for impairment on an annual basis or when circumstances indicate the carrying value of the intangible assets may not be recoverable.

Costs incurred to develop software for internal use are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software of 3 years on a straight-line basis. The capitalization of such costs begins during the application development stage of the software project and ceases once the software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Costs of specified upgrades and enhancements to the internal-use software are capitalized, while costs associated with preliminary project stage activities, training, maintenance and all other post-implementation stage activities are expensed as incurred.

When performing the impairment analysis for goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives, the Company will first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If the qualitative factors indicate that the carrying amount of the reporting unit is more likely than not to exceed the fair value, then a quantitative impairment test is performed. To perform a quantitative impairment test of intangible assets with indefinite lives, the Company performs an assessment that consists of a comparison of the fair values of the intangible assets with indefinite lives with their carrying amounts. An impairment is recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying amounts over the fair values of the intangible assets with indefinite lives. To perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill, the Company performs an assessment that consists of a comparison of the carrying value of a reporting unit with its fair value. The fair value of the reporting unit is determined using income valuation approaches through the application of the discounted cash flow method. Estimating fair value of the reporting unit involves significant assumptions, including future revenue growth rates, future market conditions, gross margin, discount rate and terminal growth rate. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

No impairment on goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, an intangible asset with a finite life for Altira Macau was fully impaired, being part of the impairment of long-lived assets as described in Note 2(k). No impairment on intangible assets with finite lives was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets with finite lives to be held and used for impairment whenever indicators of impairment exist. The Company then compares the estimated future cash flows of the assets, on an undiscounted basis, to the carrying values of the assets. Estimating future cash flows of the assets involves significant assumptions, including future revenue growth rates, future

F-12

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

market conditions and gross margin. If the undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying values, no impairments are indicated. If the undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying values, then an impairment charge is recorded based on the fair values of the assets, typically measured using a discounted cash flow model involving significant assumptions, such as discount rates. If an asset is still under development, future cash flows include remaining construction costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, with the market value of Altira Macau significantly decreased as a result of a change in its forecasted performance given the latest market conditions and lingering disruptions to the business caused by COVID-19 and the Company's earlier cessation of arrangements with gaming promoters in Macau, an impairment of long-lived assets in relation to Altira Macau of $207,608 was recognized and included in property charges and other in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Such amount included the impairment of Altira Macau's property and equipment of $110,033, and the full impairment of the finite-lived intangible assets, land use rights and operating lease right-of-use assets for Altira Macau of $30,435, $65,172 and $1,968, respectively. The fair values of the long-lived assets of Altira Macau were estimated by using level 3 inputs based on a combination of income and cost approaches.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, an impairment of long-lived assets of $3,595 represents the impairment of property and equipment which related to a significant decrease in the market value of an aircraft as described in Note 5, was recognized and included in property charges and other in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the aircraft was estimated by using level 2 inputs based on a buyer indicative purchase price.

Direct and incremental costs incurred in obtaining loans or in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are capitalized and amortized to interest expense over the terms of the related debt agreements using the effective interest method. Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with the issuance of revolving credit facilities are included in other assets, either current or non-current, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, based on the maturity of each revolving credit facility. All other deferred financing costs are presented as a reduction of long-term debt in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Land use rights represent the upfront land premiums paid for the use of land held under operating leases, which are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization, and accumulated impairment, if any. Amortization is provided over the estimated term of the land use rights of 40 years on a straight-line basis. During the year ended December 31, 2023, land use right for Altira Macau was fully impaired, being part of the impairment of long-lived assets as described in Note 2(k). No impairment on land use rights was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

At the inception of the contract or upon modification, the Company will perform an assessment as to whether the contract is a lease or contains a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period in exchange for consideration. A lessee has control of an identified asset if it has both the right to direct the use of the asset and the right to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset.

Finance and operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The initial

F-13

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

measurement of the right-of-use assets also includes any prepaid lease payments and any initial direct costs incurred and is reduced by any lease incentive received. For leases where the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The expected lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Leases with an expected term of 12 months or less are not accounted for on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term.

The Company's lease contracts have lease and non-lease components. For contracts in which the Company is a lessee, the Company accounts for the lease components and non-lease components as a single lease component for all classes of underlying assets, except for real estate. For contracts in which the Company is a lessor, all are accounted for as operating leases, and the lease components and non-lease components are accounted for separately.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, operating lease right-of-use assets for Altira Macau were fully impaired, being part of the impairment of long-lived assets as described in Note 2(k). No impairment on operating lease right-of-use assets was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company's revenues from contracts with customers consist of casino wagers, sales of rooms, food and beverage, entertainment, retail and other goods and services.

Gross casino revenues are measured by the aggregate net difference between gaming wins and losses. The Company accounts for its casino wagering transactions on a portfolio basis versus an individual basis as all wagers have similar characteristics. Commissions rebated to customers and gaming promoters, cash discounts and other cash incentives earned by customers are recorded as reductions of casino revenues. In addition to the wagers, casino transactions typically include performance obligations related to complimentary goods or services provided to incentivize future gaming or in exchange for incentives or points earned under the Company's non-discretionary incentive programs (including loyalty programs).

For casino transactions that include complimentary goods or services provided by the Company to incentivize future gaming, the Company allocates the standalone selling price of each good or service to the appropriate revenue type based on the good or service provided. Complimentary goods or services that are provided under the Company's control and discretion and supplied by third parties are recorded as operating expenses.

The Company operates different non-discretionary incentive programs in certain of its properties which include loyalty programs (the "Loyalty Programs") to encourage repeat business mainly from loyal slot machine customers and table games patrons. Customers earn points primarily based on gaming activity and such points can be redeemed for free play and other free goods and services. For casino transactions that include points earned under the Loyalty Programs, the Company defers a portion of the revenue by recording the estimated standalone selling prices of the earned points that are expected to be redeemed as a liability. Upon redemption of the points for Company-owned goods or services, the standalone selling price of each good or service is allocated to the appropriate revenue type based on the good or service provided. Upon the redemption of the points with third parties, the redemption amount is deducted from the liability and paid directly to the third party.

F-14

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

After allocating amounts to the complimentary goods or services provided and to the points earned under the Loyalty Programs, the residual amount is recorded as casino revenue when the wagers are settled.

The Company follows the accounting standards for reporting revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent, when accounting for the operations of Studio City Casino and one of its externally managed hotels and concluded that it is the controlling entity and is the principal to these arrangements.

For the operation of Studio City Casino, on June 23, 2022, Melco Resorts Macau and Studio City Entertainment Limited ("Studio City Entertainment"), an affiliated company of the Company, amended a services and right to use agreement to align such agreement with the enacted amendments to the Macau gaming law, together with related agreements (the "Studio City Casino Agreement" and previously referred to as the Services and Right to Use Arrangements), under which Melco Resorts Macau operates Studio City Casino since Studio City Entertainment does not hold a gaming concession in Macau. Pursuant to the Studio City Casino Agreement, Melco Resorts Macau deducts gaming taxes and the costs incurred in connection with the operations of Studio City Casino from Studio City Casino's gross gaming revenues, and recognizes the residual amount as an expense captioned as payments (funds received) under the Studio City Casino Agreement with an affiliated company as disclosed in Note 21. Given Melco Resorts Macau has full responsibility for the operations of Studio City Casino in accordance with the Concession or its previous gaming subconcession, it is the principal and casino revenue is, therefore, recognized on a gross basis.

For the operation of the externally managed hotel, as the Company is the owner of the hotel property, the hotel manager operates the hotel under a management agreement providing management services to the Company, and the Company receives all rewards and takes substantial risks associated with the hotel business. The Company is the principal and the transactions are, therefore, recognized on a gross basis.

The transaction prices for rooms, food and beverage, entertainment, retail and other goods and services are the net amounts collected from customers for such goods and services that are recorded as revenues when the goods are provided, services are performed or events are held. Service taxes and other applicable taxes collected by the Company are excluded from revenues. Advance deposits on rooms and advance ticket sales are recorded as customer deposits until services are provided to the customers. Revenues from contracts with multiple goods or services provided by the Company are allocated to each good or service based on its relative standalone selling price.

Minimum operating and right to use fees representing lease revenues, adjusted for contractual base fees and operating fee escalations, are included in other revenues and are recognized over the terms of the related agreements on a straight-line basis.

Contract and Contract-Related Liabilities

In providing goods and services to customers, there may be a timing difference between cash receipts from customers and recognition of revenues, resulting in a contract or contract-related liability.

The Company primarily has three types of liabilities related to contracts with customers: (1) outstanding gaming chips, which represent the amounts owed in exchange for gaming chips held by customers and gaming promoters, (2) loyalty program liabilities, which represent the deferred allocation of revenues relating to incentives earned from the Loyalty Programs, and (3) advance deposits and ticket sales, which represent casino front money deposits that are funds deposited by customers and gaming promoters before gaming play occurs and advance payments on goods and services yet to be provided such as advance ticket sales and deposits on rooms and convention space. These liabilities are generally expected to be recognized as revenues within one year of being

F-15

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Contract and Contract-Related Liabilities-continued

purchased, earned or deposited and are recorded as accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Decreases in these balances generally represent the recognition of revenues and increases in the balances represent additional chips held by customers and gaming promoters, increases in unredeemed incentives relating to the Loyalty Programs and additional deposits made by customers and gaming promoters.

The following table summarizes the activities related to contract and contract-related liabilities:

The Company is subject to taxes based on gross gaming revenue and other metrics in Macau. These gaming taxes totaled $1,327,801 and $354,690 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are recognized as casino expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Pre-opening costs represent personnel, marketing and other costs incurred prior to the opening of new or start-up operations and are expensed as incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred pre-opening costs primarily in connection with certain new operations of City of Dreams. The Company also incurs pre-opening costs on other one-off activities related to the marketing of new facilities and operations.

The Company expenses advertising and promotional costs the first time the advertising takes place or as incurred. Advertising and promotional costs included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations were $64,102 and $17,710 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis at the stated interest rate and is recorded in interest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

All transactions in currencies other than functional currencies of Melco Resorts Finance and its subsidiaries during the year are remeasured at the exchange rates prevailing on the respective transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities existing at the balance sheet date denominated in currencies other than functional currencies are remeasured at the exchange rates existing on that date. Exchange differences are recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

F-16

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

The functional currency of Melco Resorts Finance is the U.S. dollar ("$" or "US$") and the functional currency of most of Melco Resorts Finance's foreign subsidiaries is the local currency in which the subsidiary operates. All assets and liabilities are translated at the rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date and all income and expense items are translated at the average rates of exchange over the year. All exchange differences arising from the translation of foreign subsidiaries' financial statements are recorded as a component of other comprehensive loss.

Comprehensive loss includes net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments and is reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's accumulated other comprehensive losses consisted solely of foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax.

Melco operates share-based compensation plans for the purpose of providing incentives and rewards to eligible employees in Melco and its subsidiaries (the "Melco Group") including employees who rendered services to the Company. The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award and recognizes that cost over the service period. Compensation is attributed to the periods of associated service and such expense is recognized over the vesting period of the awards on a straight-line basis. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.

Further information on the Company's share-based compensation arrangements is included in Note 16.

The Company is subject to income taxes in Macau and Hong Kong where it operates.

Deferred income taxes are recognized for all significant temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

The Company's income tax returns are subject to examination by tax authorities in the jurisdictions where it operates. The Company assesses potentially unfavorable outcomes of such examinations based on accounting standards for uncertain income taxes. These accounting standards utilize a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position, based on the technical merits of the position, will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely, based on cumulative probability.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Adopted

The Company has evaluated the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these financial statements, and anticipated the future adoption of these pronouncements will not have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

F-17

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows consisted of the following:

On September 20, 2022, Melco Resorts Macau provided a bank guarantee in an amount of Macau Patacas ("MOP") 820,000 (equivalent to $101,942) to the Macau government to guarantee the satisfaction of any labor liabilities upon expiry of the previous gaming subconcession. As stipulated in the bank guarantee contract, MOP410,000 (equivalent to $50,971) was required to be held in a cash deposit account as collateral to secure the bank guarantee. In January 2023, such bank guarantee and the cash deposited in the collateral bank account were released. The cash of MOP410,000 (equivalent to $50,971) deposited in the collateral account was included in the current portion of restricted cash in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022.

On December 9, 2022, as required by the Concession, Melco Resorts Macau provided a bank guarantee in favor of the Macau government of MOP1,000,000 (equivalent to $124,319) to secure the fulfillment of performance of certain of its legal and contractual obligations, including labor obligations. As stipulated in the bank guarantee contract, the amount of MOP1,000,000 (equivalent to $124,319), or an equivalent amount in other currencies, is required to be held in a cash deposit account as collateral in order to secure the bank guarantee. The bank guarantee will remain in effect until 180 days after the earlier of the expiration or termination of the Concession. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the cash of Hong Kong dollars ("HK$") 970,874 (equivalent to MOP1,000,000) held in the collateral bank account was translated to $124,284 and $124,319, respectively, and included in the non-current portion of restricted cash in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Components of accounts receivable, net are as follows:

The Company's allowances for casino credit losses were 63.9% and 84.0% of gross casino accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company's allowances for credit losses from its hotel and other receivables are not material.

F-18

MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Movement in the allowances for credit losses are as follows:

In June and August 2022, the Company signed two sale and purchase agreements with respective buyers to sell two aircraft (the "Aircraft") with an aggregate selling price of $15,800. After considering the relevant facts, the Company concluded the Aircraft met the criteria for classification as assets held for sale which were reported under the Corporate and Other segment. Due to a decrease in the market value, an impairment of property and equipment of $3,595 was provided for one of the Aircraft. Upon completion of the disposals of the Aircraft in September 2022, the Company recorded a gain on disposal of assets held for sale of $2,629 on the Aircraft. The impairment and gain on disposal of assets held for sale were both included in property charges and other in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The depreciation and amortization expenses of property and equipment recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $240,762 and $267,697, respectively.

The cost and accumulated amortization of right-of-use assets held under finance lease arrangements were $3,646 and $2,103 as of December 31, 2023 and $3,647 and $1,370 as of December 31, 2022, respectively.

Before the amendment of the Studio City Casino Agreement (as defined in Note 2(o)) on June 23, 2022, the Company transferred the future economic benefits of certain property and equipment for the operations of the Studio City Casino (the "Studio City Gaming Assets") to Studio City Entertainment, pursuant to the Services and Right to Use Arrangements. During the period from January 1, 2022 to June 22, 2022, the Studio City Gaming Assets with aggregate carrying amounts of $443 were transferred to Studio City Entertainment for a total consideration of $443, which resulted in the recognition of an impairment of the Studio City Gaming Assets of $443, and a corresponding receivable from Studio City Entertainment. After the amendment of the Studio City Casino Agreement on June 23, 2022, the future economic benefits of the Studio City Gaming Assets are retained by the Company.

In accordance with the Macau gaming law, the Reversion Assets (as defined in Note 7) (including certain of the Studio City Gaming Assets) that reverted to the Macau government at the expiration of the previous

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MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

gaming subconcession are currently owned by the Macau government. Effective as of January 1, 2023, the Reversion Assets were transferred by the Macau government to Melco Resorts Macau for the duration of the Concession, in return for annual payments for the right to use and operate the Reversion Assets as part of the Concession, as disclosed in Note 7. As Melco Resorts Macau continues to be operated with the Reversion Assets in the same manner as under the previous gaming subconcession, obtains substantially all of the economic benefits and bears all of the risks arising from the operation of these assets, as well as assuming it will be successful in the awarding of a new concession upon expiry of the Concession, the Company continues to recognize these Reversion Assets as property and equipment over their remaining estimated useful lives.

The Reversion Assets that reverted to the Macau government on December 31, 2022, and included in the above table, consisted of the following:

Goodwill relating to Mocha Clubs, a reporting unit, is not amortized. The changes in carrying amounts of goodwill represented the exchange differences arising from foreign currency translations at the balance sheet date.

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:

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MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Trademarks of Mocha Clubs

Trademarks arose from the acquisition of Mocha Slot Group Limited and its subsidiaries by the Company in 2006. The changes in carrying amounts of trademarks represented the exchange differences arising from foreign currency translations at the balance sheet date.

Concession

On December 16, 2022, the Macau government awarded the Concession to Melco Resorts Macau. The term of the Concession commenced on January 1, 2023 and ends on December 31, 2032 and Melco Resorts Macau is authorized to operate the City of Dreams Casino, the Altira Casino and the Studio City Casino as well as the Grand Dragon Casino and the Mocha Clubs. Under the Concession, Melco Resorts Macau is obligated to pay the Macau government a fixed annual premium of MOP30,000 (equivalent to $3,729) plus a variable annual premium calculated in accordance with the number and type of gaming tables (subject to a minimum of 500 tables) and electronic gaming machines (subject to a minimum of 1,000 machines) operated by Melco Resorts Macau. The variable annual premium is MOP300 (equivalent to $37) for each gaming table reserved exclusively to certain kinds of games or players, MOP150 (equivalent to $19) for each gaming table not so exclusively reserved and MOP1 (equivalent to $0.1) for each electronic gaming machine.

On December 30, 2022, in accordance with the obligations under the letters of undertakings dated June 23, 2022, Melco Resorts Macau and certain subsidiaries of Melco, which hold the land lease rights for the properties on which the City of Dreams Casino, the Altira Casino and the Studio City Casino are located, executed a public deed pursuant to which the gaming and gaming support areas comprising the City of Dreams Casino, the Altira Casino and the Studio City Casino with an area of 31,227.3 square meters, 17,128.8 square meters and 28,784.3 square meters, respectively, and related gaming equipment and utensils (collectively referred to as the "Reversion Assets"), reverted to the Macau government, without compensation and free and clear from any charges or encumbrances, at the expiration of the previous gaming subconcession in accordance with the Macau gaming law. The Reversion Assets that reverted to the Macau government at the expiration of the previous gaming subconcession are currently owned by the Macau government. Under the terms of the Macau gaming law and the Concession, effective as of January 1, 2023, the Reversion Assets were transferred by the Macau government to Melco Resorts Macau for use in its operations during the Concession for a fee of MOP0.75 (equivalent to $0.09) per square meter of the casino for years 1 to 3 of the Concession, subject to a consumer price index increase in years 2 and 3 of the Concession and such fee will increase to MOP2.5 (equivalent to $0.3) per square meter of the casino for years 4 to 10 of the Concession, subject to a consumer price index increase in years 5 to 10 of the Concession (the "Fee").

On January 1, 2023, the Company recognized an intangible asset and financial liability of MOP1,934,035 (equivalent to $239,588), representing the right to use and operate the Reversion Assets, the right to conduct games of fortunes and chance in Macau and the unconditional obligation to make payments under the Concession. This intangible asset comprises the contractually obligated annual payments of fixed premium and variable premiums, as well as the Fee without considering the consumer price index under the Concession. The contractually obligated annual variable premium payments associated with the intangible asset were determined using the total number of gaming tables and the total number of electronic gaming machines that Melco Resorts Macau is currently approved to operate by the Macau government. In the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, the non-current portion of the financial liability of the Concession is included in other long-term liabilities and the current portion is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The intangible asset is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of the Concession, being 10 years.

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MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Gaming subconcession

The deemed cost of the previous gaming subconcession in Macau was capitalized based on the fair value of the gaming subconcession agreement as of the date of acquisition of Melco Resorts Macau in 2006, and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement, which expired on June 26, 2022. Melco Resorts Macau paid a premium of MOP47,000 (equivalent to $5,815) to the Macau government in June 2022 for the extension of the gaming subconcession contract to December 31, 2022 and such premium was amortized on a straight-line basis from June 27, 2022 to the extended expiration date on December 31, 2022.

The amortization expenses of finite-lived intangible assets recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $29,614 and $38,056, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the estimated future amortization expenses of finite-lived intangible assets are as follows:

Long-term prepayments, deposits and other assets consisted of the following:

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MELCO RESORTS FINANCE LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-continued

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Long-term debt, net consisted of the following: