Rosetta Genomics Ltd. announced that the company has entered into a collaboration with Meir Medical Center (Kfar Saba, Israel) to conduct a study to identify differentially expressed microRNAs between PD-L1 positive ()50%) and PD-L1 negative samples obtained from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who were considered for treatment with an immuno-oncology drug. Results of a preliminary study employing Rosetta's proprietary technologies indicate promising immune-related microRNA candidates. The current study, which will interrogate additional samples, will be used to create a microRNA-based classifier that can differentiate between PD-L1 positive and negative samples, leading to an accurate and quantitative measurement that can give support to the current complex algorithm of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry reactivity. Research in cancer immunology is currently accelerating following a series of cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs during the last five years. Various monoclonal antibodies which block the interaction between checkpoint molecules PD-1 on immune cells and PD-L1 on cancer cells have been used to successfully treat NSCLC, including some durable responses lasting years. Several drugs, including OPDIVO(r) (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA(r) (pembrolizumab) and TECENTRIQ(r) (atezolizumab), are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients who have failed or progressed on platinum-based or targeted therapies. Importantly, KEYTRUDA is now FDA approved as a first line treatment option for patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) =50%) as determined by an FDA-approved test, with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations, and no prior systemic chemotherapy treatment. Despite impressive treatment outcomes in a subset of patients who receive these immune therapies, still many patients with NSCLC fail to respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and the identification of a biomarker to select these patients remains highly sought after.